Experimental evaluation of bench-scale flammability of Ulex europaeus using a cone calorimeter
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Wildfires have been causing considerable damage worldwide, and improving the ability to predict wildfire behaviour will ensure effective emergency response and keep ecosystems and communities safe. Increasing the understanding of factors affecting vegetation flammability is necessary for improving fire behaviour prediction models. This work investigates the influence of moisture content on the flammability of live and dead needles (0-3mm), twigs (3.1-6mm) and stems (6.1-10mm) of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.). Gorse is a shrub invasive in New Zealand, Chile and Western United States. In these countries, gorse poses a fire risk to nearby communities, as it contains flammable volatile resins, accumulates a substantial amount of elevated dead material, and grows in large masses, all of which promote fire ignition and growth. Gorse flammability was quantified with a bench-scale oxygen consumption calorimeter (cone calorimeter) with a focus on heat release rate. Supporting tests were performed on small sub-samples using simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to assess material-scale pyrolysis dynamics, providing fine scale information on the thermal degradation of each tissue type at the particle level. The experimental methodology included investigation of the maximum moisture content at which each tissue type can ignite at 50 kW/m2, which is a reasonable approximation of the heat flux at the vegetation surface during fire front arrival in a shrub fire. Six moisture content levels from zero to the highest ignitable moisture content were then selected, and samples were placed into a climate chamber to set the moisture content of the samples to the desired level. Three replicates of each tissue type were tested in a cone calorimeter at each moisture content. Flammability was assessed based on the heat release rate, effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, time to ignition and flaming duration. Additionally, a small sub-sample of fresh live and dead needles, twigs and stems was analysed in the TGA/DSC apparatus. TGA/DSC results showed a different thermal degradation mechanism between dried live and dead fuel, with live tissue being more flammable than dead. However, the pyrolysis dynamics were not substantially affected by particle size, suggesting that the differences in flammability attributes measured in the cone calorimeter are likely driven by physical characteristics such as surface-area-to-volume ratio rather than chemical composition. The results of this work contribute to the understanding of gorse flammability and the effect of moisture content and fuel structure on fire behaviour.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,009 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».