Nineteen Years of Successful Use of Austenitic Stainless-Steel Pipelines for Oilfield Water Services
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The technology to cost effectively design, construct, operate, and maintain ASTM A269 TP316L/TP316 stainless-steel pipelines for oilfield saltwater service and freshwater service was developed between 2002 and 2004. The first installations were austenitic pipe installed within discontinued, corroded carbon steel pipelines. Primary goals were to identify a cost-effective solution for a pipe-in-pipe application. After 2004, free-standing austenitic pipeline were installed in trenches. It was determined that coils of 316L/316 tubing in lengths of 2000 meters (6500 feet) were cost effective and readily available as line pipe material to simplify the field installation and joining practices. It was also determined that internal coatings, external coatings, and cathodic protection (except for risers) were not required for corrosion protection. Highlights from the engineering assessments and the examination of 17 cut-out samples of in-service piping will be presented to demonstrate the suitability of 316L/316 for oilfield water applications. Boundary limitations for temperature, transported fluid composition, and soil composition were defined to ensure that corrosion and stress corrosion cracking would not occur. Mechanical design and joining methods and concepts were adopted from ASME B31.3 because existing pipeline codes (e.g. CSA Z662) did not, and currently do not address this material for oilfield pipelines. Between 2002 and 2010, 90 pipelines for freshwater service and 55 pipelines for saltwater service were installed. A review in 2021 indicated that none of the installed pipelines have experienced leaks or failures associated due to in-service degradation. Two leaks have occurred during this 19-year period; one leak was attributed to installation wear and one leak was attributed to poor installation of a mechanical fitting. Material suitability was also verified via examination of cut-out pipe/fitting samples, and the use of stainless-steel corrosion coupons for 13 years. A comparison to other materials of construction indicates that the 316L/316 pipelines performed better. This case history will address the successful design, construction, operation, and maintenance of austenitic stainless-steel pipelines during the 2002 to 2021 period.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».