A preliminary investigation of the feeding behaviour of dairy goat kids reared away from their dams on a computerised ad libitum milk feeding system
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Most commercial dairy goat famers use ad libitum milk feeding set-ups that allow constant, unrestricted milk access to artificially rear goat kids. No detailed information on how kids use these ad libitum milk systems exists and characterising this would help target future research and improve management. The aim was to describe and characterise the individual and group milk feeding behaviour of 16 castrated male dairy breed goat kids from 22 to 56 days of age, in two pens fed from a computerised milk feeder supplying one teat per pen. Solid feed and water intakes were measured from 15 to 70 days of age and Average Daily Gain (ADG) calculated. Repeated measures mixed models produced weekly estimated marginal means of milk feeding variables. Factors influencing ADG were investigated using residual maximum likelihood analysis. Spearman’s rank correlations investigated the relationship between pen-level feeding behaviour variables and age. Meal criterions were created by fitting a mixture of Gaussians to determine a threshold value. On average it took 7.8 days before kids were reliably suckling alone (range 2–15 days). Each day kids spent on average 24.3 ± 1.80 min feeding and consumed 1968 ± 99.6 ml of milk. Mean individual daily milk consumption increased with age (p < 0.001; 1623 ml/day week four to 2222 ml/day week 8), as did milk intake per meal (p < 0.001). The number of daily rewarded milk station visits averaged 8.4 ± 0.14 (range 2 – 19). Daily milk meals and time spent milk feeding was not impacted by age (p 0.666; p 0.095). ADG was not associated with age (p 0.226; weekly average 0.19 – 0.22) and was most impacted by an interaction between daily milk intake and week (p < 0.001). All solid feed and water intakes were positively correlated with age during the milk-feeding period (p < 0.001) and increased steeply when weaning occurred at the industry average of 56 days old. Each kid consumed 5.9 ± 0.28 meals per day (1.4 ± 0.9 visits to the teat per meal), which lasted 4.1 ± 0.22 min and resulted in a consumption of 342.8 ± 20.7 ml. There was little evidence of close consecutive feeding, 57% within the ‘social’ meal Gaussian-defined time criteria were individual feeds, only 21% consisted of two kids, 10% three and 12% four or more kids, however, 74% of milk intake occurred during meals with > 2 kids. This study showed that a computerised milk feeder can provide data on goat kid feeding which can be used as a baseline for future research.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».