HF01-13 TRANSFUSION, THE BATTLEFIELD, AND RACIAL POLITICS
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Résumé
You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023HF01-13 TRANSFUSION, THE BATTLEFIELD, AND RACIAL POLITICS Joseph Kelly-Brown and Michael Moran Joseph Kelly-BrownJoseph Kelly-Brown More articles by this author and Michael MoranMichael Moran More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003243.13AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The transfusion of blood is a fascinating history though tied in many ways to battlefield medicine. Maluf, a urology resident wrote perhaps the most fascinating account in 1954 that typically ignored the herculean contributions of one Charles R. Drew, M.D. METHODS: William Harvey first elucidated the circulation of blood in 1628 but there was obviously some appreciation on the criticality of blood loss after injury. Richard Lower tried to keep dogs alive with transfusion by 1665. However, blood groups and their importance had to await Karl Landsteiner’s discovery in 1900. We reviewed the history of blood transfusions during WWI, WWII, and the Korean War along with the work of Charles R. Drew, M.D. RESULTS: “So much of our energy is spent in overcoming the constricting environment in which we live that little energy is left for creating new ideas or things. Whenever, however, one bread out of this rather high-walled prison of the ‘Negro problem’ by virtue of some worthwhile contribution, not only is he himself allowed more freedom, but part of the wall crumbles.” Drew was born in Washington, D.C. on June 3, 1904. He attended Amherst College and was a brilliant athlete as well as student. He attended and graduated from McGill University’s school of medicine in 1933 and AOA. He went to Howard University on graduation and his doctoral thesis earned his advanced degree from Columbia University on “Banked Blood.” He received a two-year Rockefeller fellowship and began working on improved methods of collection, preservation, and marketing blood donation. He also developed the Blood for Britain Campaign at the outset of WWII. CONCLUSIONS: “The life of the body is the blood.” Genesis 9:4. In 1941 it was Dr. Drew who was appointed the first American Red Cross Blood Bank director in charge of the blood supply for U.S. Army and Navy. In 1942 when the military refused to pool blood and insisted on segregation of African-American from white blood he resigned his official posts. Drew died of a tragic automobile accident on April 1, 1950 in Burlington, N.C. leaving his wife, Lenore and four children as his legacy. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e260 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Joseph Kelly-Brown More articles by this author Michael Moran More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,006 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,003 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,425 | 0,073 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».