HF01-13 TRANSFUSION, THE BATTLEFIELD, AND RACIAL POLITICS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023HF01-13 TRANSFUSION, THE BATTLEFIELD, AND RACIAL POLITICS Joseph Kelly-Brown and Michael Moran Joseph Kelly-BrownJoseph Kelly-Brown More articles by this author and Michael MoranMichael Moran More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003243.13AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The transfusion of blood is a fascinating history though tied in many ways to battlefield medicine. Maluf, a urology resident wrote perhaps the most fascinating account in 1954 that typically ignored the herculean contributions of one Charles R. Drew, M.D. METHODS: William Harvey first elucidated the circulation of blood in 1628 but there was obviously some appreciation on the criticality of blood loss after injury. Richard Lower tried to keep dogs alive with transfusion by 1665. However, blood groups and their importance had to await Karl Landsteiner’s discovery in 1900. We reviewed the history of blood transfusions during WWI, WWII, and the Korean War along with the work of Charles R. Drew, M.D. RESULTS: “So much of our energy is spent in overcoming the constricting environment in which we live that little energy is left for creating new ideas or things. Whenever, however, one bread out of this rather high-walled prison of the ‘Negro problem’ by virtue of some worthwhile contribution, not only is he himself allowed more freedom, but part of the wall crumbles.” Drew was born in Washington, D.C. on June 3, 1904. He attended Amherst College and was a brilliant athlete as well as student. He attended and graduated from McGill University’s school of medicine in 1933 and AOA. He went to Howard University on graduation and his doctoral thesis earned his advanced degree from Columbia University on “Banked Blood.” He received a two-year Rockefeller fellowship and began working on improved methods of collection, preservation, and marketing blood donation. He also developed the Blood for Britain Campaign at the outset of WWII. CONCLUSIONS: “The life of the body is the blood.” Genesis 9:4. In 1941 it was Dr. Drew who was appointed the first American Red Cross Blood Bank director in charge of the blood supply for U.S. Army and Navy. In 1942 when the military refused to pool blood and insisted on segregation of African-American from white blood he resigned his official posts. Drew died of a tragic automobile accident on April 1, 1950 in Burlington, N.C. leaving his wife, Lenore and four children as his legacy. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e260 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Joseph Kelly-Brown More articles by this author Michael Moran More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.425 | 0.073 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".