Damage factors of stratospheric ozone depletion on human health impact with the addition of nitrous oxide as the largest contributor in the 2000s
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Résumé
Abstract Purpose Stratospheric ozone (O 3 ) depletion caused by O 3 -depleting substances (ODSs) remains an unsolved issue. The leakage of older ODSs in the atmosphere continue to affect stratospheric O 3 , and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) remains the largest contributor to stratospheric O 3 depletion. The purpose of this study was to update the damage factors of stratospheric O 3 depletion on human health impacts, particularly skin cancers and eye cataracts, for the years 2010 and 2015 by adding N 2 O. Methods The framework to derive damage factors followed that of our previous study; the marginal increase in total incidence per unit ODS emission was estimated using the following terms: ground surface emission, tropospheric chlorine loading, equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC), total O 3 in the air column, ultraviolet-B (UV-B) at the ground surface, incidence due to erythemal UV-B exposure, standardized age structure, population, and ODS atmospheric lifetime. By multiplying the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per incidence by the marginal increase in total incidence per unit emission, the damage factor was obtained as the DALY per unit emission. The following update was made in this study: the addition of N 2 O and revisions of the relationship between EESC and total O 3 , ODS lifetime, population, and DALY per incidence. Results and discussion Damage factors of all ODSs regulated by the Montreal Protocol and of N 2 O were calculated for melanoma, non-melanoma skin cancers, and eye cataracts. The total damage factors of N 2 O were 2.1 × 10 –5 and 2.2 × 10 –5 DALY per kg nitrogen (N) in 2010 and 2015, respectively. These values were smaller than those of chlorofluorocarbons and halons; however, the global effect of N 2 O on stratospheric O 3 depletion was approximately 170,000 DALYs or 3.9 billion USD in 2010, accounting for 48% of the total damage. The damage factor of N 2 O on climate change was estimated, based on existing literature, to be 27 times higher than that for stratospheric O 3 depletion estimated in this study. Conclusions N 2 O is currently the largest contributor to stratospheric O 3 depletion, which accounted for approximately 50% of the total health impact induced by all ODSs in 2010. Although another important impact of N 2 O, i.e., climate change, was demonstrated to be 27 times more damaging than stratospheric O 3 depletion, this means that N 2 O emissions contribute to two global environmental issues simultaneously. Thus, efforts to reduce N 2 O emissions should be increased.
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Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle