Offspring immune development is dependent on the amount and form of choline in the maternal diet during suckling
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Exogenous choline needs increase in the postnatal period to meet infant development demands. There is limited knowledge on choline intake during lactation or the role of different choline forms. We developed a database for the choline content of foods and estimated intake in the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition cohort. During lactation, 90% of women (n=1000) consumed below the DRI, with phosphatidylcholine (PC) and free choline comprising ~65% of total choline. In the early postnatal period, the immune system undergoes rapid development and requires a choline supply. The importance of the contribution of dietary choline to immune development during this period has not been explored. In a rodent model, the study objectives were to determine the effect of 1) dietary choline deficiency and 2) the 2 major forms of dietary choline (PC vs. free choline), on parameters of immune development and function in suckled offspring. At parturition, dams were randomized to either: 0 g/kg choline (D; n=7), 1.0 g/kg choline as free choline (C; n=15) or 1.0 g/kg choline as PC (PC; n=5). Diets were nutritionally complete, isocaloric, with similar fatty acid composition. At 3 wks, spleen immune cell phenotypes (by 4‐colour flow cytometry) and ex vivo cytokine production (by ELISA) after Concanavalin A (ConA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CD3/CD28 (T cell antigen) stimulation was measured. Stomach content (representing breast milk), plasma and spleen choline content was measured by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). D pups had lower body and organ weight, splenocyte number and total choline in stomach compared to C pups (P<0.05). D pups had a higher proportion of helper T cells expressing activation (CD71) and co‐stimulation (CD28) markers and lower proportion of total B cells (CD45RA+) compared to C pups. D pups produced less IFN‐γ (CD3/CD28 stimulation) and less IL‐1β (LPS stimulation). Compared to C pups, splenocytes from PC pups had a lower proportion of antigen presenting cells (OX12+, OX6+, CD68+/CD11b/c+ cells) but produced more IL‐2, IFN‐g and IL‐6 (ConA stimulation), and more IL‐6 and TNF‐α (LPS stimulation). Choline form (fed at 1g/kg) did not alter growth, splenocyte number or total choline in stomach. However, PC pups had a higher proportion of choline as lysoPC and lower proportion as free choline (P<0.05). PC pups had a higher concentration of PC in plasma and splenocyte phospholipids compared to C pups, later confirmed in an in vitro study that may explain the functional differences between choline forms. Our studies suggest choline is essential in the maternal diet during suckling for offspring immune development and providing choline as PC, compared to free choline, promoted maturation and improved immune function. Together with our findings of possible suboptimal intake in lactating women, future research should focus on identifying potential benefits of increasing both total and PC sources of choline in the maternal diet to support immune development in the infant. Support or Funding Information Supported by NSERC, Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency and Alberta Innovates Biosolutions. EDL holds an Izaak Walton Killam Memorial and NSERC Postgraduate Doctoral Scholarships
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».