Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Van der Heyden's The Patzig affair.A war crime for the empire? is a richly illustrated study of the case of U-boat commandant Helmut Patzig, whose U-86 torpedoed the British hospital ship, Llandovery Castle, on 27 June 1918.U-boats were stealth weapons, and therefore of a dubious reputation.They could launch surprise attacks without being spotted, only to disappear quickly again after a successful kill.Submarine warfare therefore occurred in an ethically grey area that many contemporaries viewed with disdain, akin to another terrifying invention used in the Great War, namely poison gas.When the British naval blockade began to upset the German economy, the Germans declared in February 1915 that they would retaliate by conducting unrestricted submarine warfare around the British Isles.This resulted not only in serious losses of tonnage, which threatened to disrupt Britain's own economic lifeline, but also in German attacks on neutral vessels on the mere suspicion that they might transport military supplies.The torpedoing of the ocean liner Lusitania by a German U-boat on 7 May 1915 killed nearly 1 200 passengers, which confirmed the image of Germany as a ruthless belligerent that ignored the rules of 'civilised' warfare.The further escalation of submarine warfare in 1916 saw attacks on foreign vessels in British waters without any warning.These assaults were brought to a halt temporarily because American citizens were among the victims.At that stage, the German military leadership was concerned not to provoke the United States into entering the war.These endeavours of scaling tactics back to less jarring practices were short-lived, however, and in February 1917, Germany officially returned to unrestricted submarine warfare.The United States entered the war in April 1917 against the background of an increasingly pugnacious mood amongst the American public that was incited partly by the indiscriminate U-boat attacks.The decision to return to a more rules-based form of submarine warfare in October 1918 came too late to change Allied perceptions of entrenched German malice.More importantly, German U-boats proved to be powerless to prevent the arrival of American 'dough boys' on the Western battlefields, which precipitated the final defeat of the Kaiserreich.Patzig's ruthless actions against the British hospital ship, which was placed in the service of the Canadian forces, may be viewed in the context of an increasingly desperate mood in the German navy.The rules of 'civilised' combat -as much as all governments promised to respect them in peacetime -had been eroded quickly after the shooting
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,010 | 0,006 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,005 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».