Perturbations in Risk/Reward Decision Making and Frontal Cortical Catecholamine Regulation Induced by Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can disrupt cognitive processes that influence risk taking behavior. Athletes, military personnel, and domestic violence victims often experience multiple mTBIs; however, little is known regarding the effects of repetitive injury (rmTBI) on risk/reward decision making or whether these outcomes are sex specific. Risk/reward decision making is mediated by the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which is composed of several sub-regions including the medial PFC (mPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). These regions are densely innervated by catecholaminergic fibers, which modulate PFC-mediated cognitive processes. Aberrant catecholamine activity within the PFC has been documented following TBI, which may underlie TBI-induced risky behavior. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) regulate catecholamine homeostasis within the PFC; however, it has not been determined how rmTBI affects these proteins. The present study aimed to characterize the effects of rmTBI on risk/reward decision making behavior and catecholamine transmitter regulatory proteins within the PFC. Risk/reward decision making was evaluated using a probabilistic discounting task (PDT) which required rats to choose between small/certain rewards delivered with 100% certainty and large/risky rewards delivered with decreasing probabilities over a session. Rats were first trained on the PDT and then exposed to sham, single (smTBI), or a series of three closed-head control cortical impact (CH-CCI) injuries over the course of one week, followed by four weeks of PDT testing. In week 1 post-final surgery, mTBI generally enhanced preference for the larger/riskier option with these effects seemingly more prominent in females. These effects resolved by week 2 post-final surgery indicating that the effects of mTBI on choice behavior are transient. By week 4, males, but not females, exhibited increased latencies to make riskier choices following rmTBI, demonstrating a delayed effect of injury on information processing speed. A separate group of rats was used to measure changes in levels of TH and NET within the mPFC, ACC, and OFC forty-eight hours after mTBI. No injury-induced differences were observed within the mPFC or ACC. In the OFC, females exhibited dramatic increases in TH levels following smTBI, but only small increases following rmTBI. Both males and females; however, experienced reduced levels of NET following rmTBI, which may function as a compensatory response to increased extracellular levels of catecholamines. Together, these results suggest that OFC is more susceptible to catecholamine instability after rmTBI, a finding indicating that not all areas of the PFC contribute equally to the observed TBI-induced catecholamine imbalances. Overall, combining the CH-CCI model of rmTBI with the PDT proved effective in revealing time-dependent and sex-specific changes in risk/reward decision making and catecholamine regulation following repetitive mild head injuries.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».