Examining the dietary effect of insect meals on the innate immune response of fish: A meta-analysis
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
• A meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effects of insect meal replacement on fish innate immunity. • 40 % of insect meal replacement resulted in the highest upregulated immune response in fish. • 87.5–100 % of insect meal replacement was found to significantly decrease the immune gene expression level in fish. Insect meal inclusion in aquaculture feed has received increased interest as a sustainable alternative to fishmeal and recent evidence has shown additional effects on modulating the immune response. However, lack of effects of insect meal on fish immunity in a few studies have put these beneficial effects into question. The objective of this meta-analysis was to summarize the effects of fishmeal replacement with insect meal on the innate immune response of several fish species based on differential gene expression via qPCR. A systematic literature search was conducted using online databases including Web of Science and ScienceDirect that found 197 studies as of August 2023, however only 20 studies met the criteria of high-quality studies focused on the immune response of fish and were included in this meta-analysis. The most studied insect meal was from black soldier fly, followed by yellow mealworm, and the most commonly analyzed tissue was the liver, followed by the intestine. The effect of fishmeal replacement with insect meal on fish immune responses were examined using a mixed model, with study as the random effect. This meta-analysis found a non-linear (quadratic) relationship ( P = 0.017) between immune gene expression fold change and the level of fishmeal replacement with insect meal. Based on the fitted quadratic curve, a 40 % replacement of fishmeal with insect meal resulted in the highest upregulated immune response in fish. Fish taxonomic family was also found to have an effect ( P = 0.004) on immune gene expression, where the taxonomic family Moronidae was more affected, with an average fold change of 2.783 (± 0.325). Other variables examined, including the insect type, tissue analyzed, dietary crude protein level, did not affect the immune response ( P > 0.05). This meta-analysis also found that dietary lipid had a significant correlation with immune gene expression, and should be taken into consideration in future studies and meta-analyses. These findings are impactful since they provide evidence for the optimal dietary replacement level of insect meals required to significantly affect the innate immune response across several fish species.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,011 | 0,015 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,011 | 0,062 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,005 | 0,006 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».