UAV-LiDAR-Photogrammetry analyses of Stress-Release Structures in Southern Ontario, Canada: Implications for Regional Seismic Hazard Assessment
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Seismicity in eastern North America occurs in sporadic clusters distal from plate boundaries throughout western Quebec and continues with typically lower magnitude and frequency events in southern Ontario and the Great Lakes region. Although M4-5 earthquakes have been recorded in southern Ontario, there is limited understanding of regional seismogenic structures, the state of stress, and reactivation potential of basement faults. Stress-release structures, such as ‘pop-ups’, whilst somewhat rare and poorly documented, have been previously reported across the region. These structures can be produced by far-field intraplate tectonic processes far from plate boundaries, and thus can be used infer stress states and assess seismic hazard potential. This study aims to document, analyse, and interpret potential stress release features, including pop-ups, in southern Ontario, Canada. Employing a DJI Matrice 350 RTK with an L2 LiDAR payload and Emlid RS3 DGPS, we conducted a high-resolution (sub-cm) LiDAR and photogrammetry survey of well-exposed pop-ups at Wainfleet Wetlands, a former aggregate quarry located ~4 km west of Port Colborne, Ontario. 250 MHz ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles were also collected along several transects across the folds. Previous work here had identified at least two ~NW-SE oriented curvilinear pop-up structures ~100 m each in length within Devonian dolomitic limestones of the Onondaga Formation. The features exhibit en-echelon fractures with stepovers, indicating complex fault geometries and reactivation history. Regional estimates of the maximum horizontal stress (σH) suggest σH is ~NE-SW, consistent with the pop-up orientations and formation by far-field intraplate stresses.  FracPaQ analysis of fracture orientation, density (P20) and intensity (P21) on UAV-orthomosaics reveals deviations from regional fracture orientations and an increase in P20 and P21 proximal to pop-ups compared to nearby outcrops on the Lake Erie shoreline. GPR profiles imaged the internal geometry of fold structures to a depth of > 5 m.The pop-ups are interpreted as stress-release buckles triggered by local overburden removal during quarrying. This initial work indicates that stress-release structures are perhaps more widespread, and structurally complex, in southern Ontario than previously considered, and that they may inherit complex geometries from deep-seated faults. Our work underscores the need to seek out and document other potential stress-release structures elsewhere in the region to elucidate their implications for intraplate stress and thus seismic hazards.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».