Still not sterile: viability-based assessment of the skin microbiome following pre-surgical application of a broad-spectrum antiseptic reveals transient pathogen enrichment and long-term recovery
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
ABSTRACT Broad-spectrum antiseptics such as chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) have widespread use as pre-surgical tools to lower skin microbial burden and reduce the risk of surgical site infection. However, the short- and long-term effects of CHG on healthy skin microbial communities remain undefined due to the confounding effects of CHG binding with persistent bacterial DNA on the skin surface. Here, we aim to accurately characterize the immediate and long-term impact of pre-surgical preparation with CHG-based antiseptics on the human skin microbiome. Twenty-eight patients undergoing elective surgeries were enrolled. Swabs of the surgical site and a control site skin microbiome were collected at multiple time points before and up to 2 weeks after surgery. A propidium monoazide (PMAxx)-based viability assay was optimized to selectively evaluate DNA from live microbes in complex skin microbial communities with viability-qPCR and viable 16S ribosomal RNA gene profiling. Pre-operative CHG induces a measurable reduction in the viable microbial bioburden at the surgical site. On the day of surgery, surgical sites displayed a significant increase in the relative abundance of several SSI-associated bacterial genera including Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Escherichia-Shigella, and Pseudomonas compared to baseline. Bacillus species isolated from subjects at baseline also demonstrate resistance to CHG with minimum inhibitory concentrations exceeding 1,000 µg/mL. Although there are major skin microbiome shifts upon exposure to CHG, we also find that these shifts are largely transient. For the majority of individuals, skin microbial bioburden and community structure recover to near baseline by post-surgical follow-up. IMPORTANCE Surgical site infections continue to occur despite widespread adoption of surgical antiseptics. Before surgery, patients often wash their whole body multiple times with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG)-based antiseptic soap and have CHG applied to the surgical site in the operating room. However, the effects of CHG antiseptics on the healthy skin microbiome are undefined due to CHG persisting and binding DNA from dead cells on the skin. We optimized a viability assay to selectively target DNA from live microbes on the skin before and after exposure to CHG. Our findings demonstrate that pre-surgical application of CHG significantly reduces the bioburden on skin; however, potentially pathogenic bacteria remain. Post-surgery, the skin microbiome eventually recovers to resemble its pre-CHG exposed state. Collectively, these findings identify tangible avenues for improving antiseptic formulations and further support that the skin microbiome is viable, stable, and resilient to chemical perturbation.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».