Incidence Of Hypothermia And Modest Hyperthermia Within European Aquatics Open Water Swimming Competition
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Elite open water swimming (OWS) competition is conducted within a broad water temperature (Tw) range (World Aquatic Tw: 16-31 °C), where heat (hyperthermia) and cold (hypothermia) related medical events (including fatalities) and race dropouts (DNF) occur. Attributed to the thermodynamic properties of water (increased convection/conduction) and human thermoregulatory (Treg) maladaptations (blunted sweat evaporation) that occur during submersion in water [for context modest deviations (± 0.5-2 °C) in core temperature (Tc) can impair performance and health]. PURPOSE: Characterise Tc responses (ingestible thermometry) in OWS competition. METHODS: In-race Tc was measured [n = 34, 14 ♀; 41 discrete athlete data sets, 15 ♀; 19 (3.3) y] at the 2023/24 European Aquatics (EA) Open Water Cup (Leg 4: Tw 18.2 °C, COLD1; Leg 1: Tw 19.5 °C, COLD2; Leg 5: Tw 18.9 °C, COLD3) and the 2023 EA Junior OWS Championships (Tw 25.5 °C, WARM). Associations between performance time, sex and Tc were analysed using linear mixed models [Tc data for COLD1,2,3 are collapsed as there were no differences (P = .316-.602) between COLD1,2,3; referred to as COLD]. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in peak Tc between WARM and COLD (P = .01). Divergent Tc responses were seen within competition (COLD1 and COLD2). Specifically, modest hyperthermia [Tc 38.5-39.5 °C - COLD1 (2 of 7 participants); COLD2 (5 of 13); COLD3 (4 of 9) and WARM (9 of 12)] and hypothermia [Tc <35 °C - COLD1 (1 of 7), COLD2 (1 of 13; 2 of 13 DNF)] - see Table 1 for Tc specifics. Peak Tc in COLD (P = .911) and WARM (P = .410); minimum Tc in COLD (P = .464) and WARM (P = .560); and mean Tc in COLD (P = .494) and WARM (P = .302) had no association with race time (nor sex: P = .342-.744). CONCLUSION: Divergent Tc responses were evident within the same competition/Tw (e.g., within COLD1 and COLD2). OWS specific Treg focused education, including preparation strategies (acclimation/acclimatisation), appear prudent to protect athlete health and performance. Table 1. - Core Temperature Responses In-Race COLD1 (n = 7, 3 ♀) COLD2 (n = 13, 6 ♀) COLD3 (n = 9, 3 ♀) WARM (n = 12, 3 ♀) Race Start Tc (°C) 37.6 (0.2); 37.4-37.9 37.8 (0.2); 37.5-38.3 37.7 (0.3); 37.2-38.2 37.8 (0.5); 36.7-38.1 Mean in-race Tc (°C) 37.6 (1.2); 35.3-38.7 37.7 (0.8); 36.1-38.7 38.1 (0.5); 37.4-38.9 38.1 (0.7); 36.7-39.1 Race Finish Tc (°C) 37.5 (1.2); 35.5-38.8 37.9 (0.9); 36.5-39.2 37.9 (1.1); 36.2-39.2 38.2 (0.7); 36.4-39.4 Peak Tc (°C) 38.4 (0.5); 37.5-39.0 38.3 (0.5); 37.5-39.0 38.5 (0.7); 37.7-39.5 38.8 (0.4); 38.2-39.5 Minimum Tc (°C) 36.9 (1.0); 35.0-37.9 37.1 (1.0); 34.7-38.3 37.3 (0.6); 36.1-38.2 37.6 (1.2); 35.8-38.1 Pre-post change Tc (°C) -0.1 (1.2); -2.0-1.2 0.1 (0.9); -1.6-1.2 0.2 (0.9); -1.3-1.7 0.4 (0.9); -1.7-1.8 Data are presented as mean or median (standard deviation or IQR); range, depending on their parametric nature. Pre to post change in Tc does not include competitors who DNF. All other Tc variables include data for those who DNF recorded until the last known point of swimming. Supported by: This project was funded by European Aquatics (LEN).
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,006 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».