Incidence Of Hypothermia And Modest Hyperthermia Within European Aquatics Open Water Swimming Competition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Elite open water swimming (OWS) competition is conducted within a broad water temperature (Tw) range (World Aquatic Tw: 16-31 °C), where heat (hyperthermia) and cold (hypothermia) related medical events (including fatalities) and race dropouts (DNF) occur. Attributed to the thermodynamic properties of water (increased convection/conduction) and human thermoregulatory (Treg) maladaptations (blunted sweat evaporation) that occur during submersion in water [for context modest deviations (± 0.5-2 °C) in core temperature (Tc) can impair performance and health]. PURPOSE: Characterise Tc responses (ingestible thermometry) in OWS competition. METHODS: In-race Tc was measured [n = 34, 14 ♀; 41 discrete athlete data sets, 15 ♀; 19 (3.3) y] at the 2023/24 European Aquatics (EA) Open Water Cup (Leg 4: Tw 18.2 °C, COLD1; Leg 1: Tw 19.5 °C, COLD2; Leg 5: Tw 18.9 °C, COLD3) and the 2023 EA Junior OWS Championships (Tw 25.5 °C, WARM). Associations between performance time, sex and Tc were analysed using linear mixed models [Tc data for COLD1,2,3 are collapsed as there were no differences (P = .316-.602) between COLD1,2,3; referred to as COLD]. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in peak Tc between WARM and COLD (P = .01). Divergent Tc responses were seen within competition (COLD1 and COLD2). Specifically, modest hyperthermia [Tc 38.5-39.5 °C - COLD1 (2 of 7 participants); COLD2 (5 of 13); COLD3 (4 of 9) and WARM (9 of 12)] and hypothermia [Tc <35 °C - COLD1 (1 of 7), COLD2 (1 of 13; 2 of 13 DNF)] - see Table 1 for Tc specifics. Peak Tc in COLD (P = .911) and WARM (P = .410); minimum Tc in COLD (P = .464) and WARM (P = .560); and mean Tc in COLD (P = .494) and WARM (P = .302) had no association with race time (nor sex: P = .342-.744). CONCLUSION: Divergent Tc responses were evident within the same competition/Tw (e.g., within COLD1 and COLD2). OWS specific Treg focused education, including preparation strategies (acclimation/acclimatisation), appear prudent to protect athlete health and performance. Table 1. - Core Temperature Responses In-Race COLD1 (n = 7, 3 ♀) COLD2 (n = 13, 6 ♀) COLD3 (n = 9, 3 ♀) WARM (n = 12, 3 ♀) Race Start Tc (°C) 37.6 (0.2); 37.4-37.9 37.8 (0.2); 37.5-38.3 37.7 (0.3); 37.2-38.2 37.8 (0.5); 36.7-38.1 Mean in-race Tc (°C) 37.6 (1.2); 35.3-38.7 37.7 (0.8); 36.1-38.7 38.1 (0.5); 37.4-38.9 38.1 (0.7); 36.7-39.1 Race Finish Tc (°C) 37.5 (1.2); 35.5-38.8 37.9 (0.9); 36.5-39.2 37.9 (1.1); 36.2-39.2 38.2 (0.7); 36.4-39.4 Peak Tc (°C) 38.4 (0.5); 37.5-39.0 38.3 (0.5); 37.5-39.0 38.5 (0.7); 37.7-39.5 38.8 (0.4); 38.2-39.5 Minimum Tc (°C) 36.9 (1.0); 35.0-37.9 37.1 (1.0); 34.7-38.3 37.3 (0.6); 36.1-38.2 37.6 (1.2); 35.8-38.1 Pre-post change Tc (°C) -0.1 (1.2); -2.0-1.2 0.1 (0.9); -1.6-1.2 0.2 (0.9); -1.3-1.7 0.4 (0.9); -1.7-1.8 Data are presented as mean or median (standard deviation or IQR); range, depending on their parametric nature. Pre to post change in Tc does not include competitors who DNF. All other Tc variables include data for those who DNF recorded until the last known point of swimming. Supported by: This project was funded by European Aquatics (LEN).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".