Elevated 7-Hydroxymitragynine Levels Found in Products Misbranded as Kratom
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
BACKGROUND: The leaves of Mitragyna speciosa, commonly called kratom, have been consumed for centuries for their energizing and analgesic properties. Kratom has gained popularity in North America, with an estimated 16 million American consumers. Recently, a new product has emerged, labeled "kratom extract" but purportedly composed of high concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine, an oxidation product of mitragynine, the primary alkaloid found in kratom. OBJECTIVE: 7-hydroxymitragynine, a potent mu-agonist, may pose a serious public health risk. Commercial products labeled as containing 7-hydroxymitragynine were evaluated to determine whether the constituent was present and in what concentration. METHOD: The concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine and mitragynine were determined by a previously validated HPLC-DAD method, AOAC Official MethodSM 2017.14. The chromatographic profiles of products were also compared to authentic kratom leaf. RESULTS: All products were described on their label as containing "kratom extracts." The concentration of mitragynine ranged from 2.0 to 6.0 mg/g dry weight, substantially lower than typically found in kratom leaves or extracts. 7-hydroxymitragynine was determined at 22-75 mg/g dry weight, 5-28% higher than the label claims. The chromatographic profiles of all products were inconsistent with kratom leaf, having exceptional levels of 7-hydroxymitragynine, lacking the other major naturally occurring alkaloids, and exhibiting peaks not observed in leaf. CONCLUSIONS: The products were verified to contain very high levels of 7-hydroxymitragynine, achievable only by synthetic means. These products differ significantly from authentic native kratom leaf and are not kratom extracts, as labeled, but rather synthetic derivatives that constitute unapproved new drugs being unlawfully marketed. There is an urgent need to differentiate kratom, which has been safely consumed for centuries, from 7-hydroxymitragynine, which may pose a significant risk to public health. HIGHLIGHTS: Traditional kratom leaf is distinguished from products found to contain high concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine, only achievable by synthetic means. These unapproved new drugs contained other unidentified constituents, also not present in the native kratom leaf. The presence of concentrated 7-hydroxymitragynine products in the market masquerading as kratom is misleading, unlawful, and potentially dangerous to the public.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,006 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».