Numerical and experimental studies of the natural mixing behavior between an uncemented paste backfill and dumped waste rock in stopes from laboratory toward field conditions. Part I: Calibration and validation of a numerical model
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Underground mining operations generate large volumes of waste rock (W R ). Transporting this material to the surface requires significant energy and incurs operational costs. As an alternative, W R can be directly dumped into stopes being filled with cemented paste backfill (CPB), reducing both costs and greenhouse gas emissions. However, inadequate dumping may lead to poor mixing between cohesionless W R and CPB, resulting in fill mass collapse during or after adjacent stope excavation. Understanding and quantifying the natural mixing between dumped W R and CPB is therefore critical; yet, such studies are scarce. A major challenge lies in replicating large-scale field behavior through limited laboratory-scale tests using scalped (truncated) W R samples. Numerical modeling becomes essential to capture size effects related to both stope and W R particle sizes. In this study, a discrete element method (DEM)-based numerical model was employed. It was first calibrated using repose angle tests on W R samples with varying maximum particle sizes ( d max ), prepared using the scalping-down technique. All model parameters were determined through direct measurements, except for the rolling resistance coefficient ( µ r ) between W R particles, which should be obtained through numerical calibration. Initially, it was assumed that the µ r would vary with d max , in line with the observed increase in repose angle with larger d max . Surprisingly, calibration showed that µ r was not very sensitive to changes in d max , contradicting the experimental trend. Further investigation revealed that repose angle measurements are influenced by the quantity of material used; when sufficient W R mass is employed, the repose angle also becomes independent of d max . This confirms that scalped samples can reliably represent in situ W R in repose angle tests. The scalping technique is thus validated for use in laboratory piles tests. The predictive capability of the calibrated model is further supported by strong agreement with additional experimental data. This calibrated and validated numerical DEM model can now be confidently applied to analyze the mechanical behavior of W R -based infrastructures across varying particle sizes and field conditions. Its application to simulate the natural mixing between dumped W R and uncemented paste backfill is presented in Part II of this companion study.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle