Using Specialised Tunnels to Reduce Highway Mortality of Amphibians
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Previous studies identified roads as a source of habitat fragmentation and mortality for amphibians in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Canada, thus reducing the effects of roads became an important management issue. Vehicle traffic resulted in appreciable mortality of the Linnet Lake population of long-toed salamanders when adult and juvenile animals moved between this breeding site and terrestrial habitats. Tiger salamanders, western toads and red-sided garter snakes have also been killed by vehicles at this location. In spring 2008, drift fences and pitfall traps were installed for about 500 m along both sides of the Entrance Road that runs parallel to Linnet Lake to intercept and capture migrating amphibians attempting to cross the road. Road surveys were conducted daily before dawn for animals that evaded the fencing. Captured long-toed salamanders were marked with visible implant elastomer so a population estimate could be derived using a mark-recapture method and so that individual movement could be detected. Four specialised tunnels (AT500, built by ACO Wildlife) were installed in summer 2008 to allow long-toed salamanders and other small animals to cross safely under the road. Each tunnel is a box culvert 600 mm wide x 520 mm high. Each 1-m pre-cast segment was made of polymer concrete with slots that allowed air, moisture and light into the tunnel, creating a hospitable environment for amphibians. Segments were fitted together to span the width of the road (12 m), and set in concrete. Distances between tunnels varied from 80 m to 110 m. Installation took about two weeks; half of each tunnel was installed, traffic re-routed until the concrete set, then the other half was installed. The authors installed remotely-triggered cameras at the roof of each tunnel entrance to record animal movements. Cameras were set to detect motion and also to record images at fixed time intervals. The authors continued monitoring the population, movement patterns, and use of tunnels in 2009. In 2008 the authors captured 445 long-toed salamanders; the population was estimated at 1492 ± 214 adults. The authors also captured 15 tiger salamanders and 21 western toads. Two percent of long-toed salamanders (i.e., 10 of 445 individuals) travelling to or from Linnet Lake died on the road in 2008. Cameras photographed long-toed and tiger salamanders, western toads, and a variety of small mammals using the tunnels from 28 August to November 2008. Relatively few amphibians used the tunnels in 2008, because drift fences were still directing animals into the pitfall traps, and trapped animals were transported across the road. In spring 2009, fences were re-constructed to direct animals to the mouth of the tunnels, with one pitfall trap at the end of each tunnel. To 9 June 2009, 107 long-toed salamanders, moving both to and from the lake, have successfully navigated through the tunnels. Most images of the authors preliminary observations suggest that installation of drift fences effectively reduced road mortality and that the installation of road tunnels provides an effective and safe route of travel for a diversity of animals including long-toed salamanders. Monitoring via trapping and cameras promises to produce a meaningful assessment of the use of tunnels by amphibians and their effectiveness in reducing road mortality in Waterton Lakes National Park.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».