Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This paper will explore the historical background and importance of the medical career of a missionary in China -Dr.Jessie McDonald.Christianity in China made its first appearance with the Nestorians in the seventh century, but its presence was not made permanent until the sixteenth century.Dr. J. McDonald was part of the China Inland Mission established in 1865 by British evangelist, James Hudson Taylor.Although not the only mission to enter into China this mission extended further inland and was arguably the earliest to fully embrace the Chinese people, their culture and language as part of its mission.Dr. Jessie McDonald was the first and only female surgeon of this mission when she arrived in China at the age of 26.She was charged with the task of establishing a much-needed women's hospital in Kafeing, Honan.The dream that began in Vancouver as a young girl observing her mother tutor Chinese immigrants in English had come to fruition.Dr. J. McDonald would use her medical training in the treatment of dirt and delay in seeking treatment for eye problems and tumours, opium, suicide, along with Chinese culture and religion.Later in her career she would open a new hospital in Tali, Yunnan and finally a clinic in Paoshan on the Burma highway.Dr. J. McDonald would not leave China permanently until the entire China Inland Mission was pulled out in 1951.Having spent close to 40 years in China, Dr. J. McDonald had experienced the ending of the Manchu dynasty, civil war and revolution, the uprising of local warlords, a new Governor, Japanese invasion and finally a communist China.She was known in her time as an "intrepid medical pioneer" and has been called "the most formidable and effective of the modern missionaries."In this essay, I will examine the nature and significance of Dr. J. McDonald's practice utilizing both archival and secondary sources.I will begin by discussing the long-standing history of Christianity and missionaries in China.Following this brief introduction, the medical practitioner as a favourite of missionary societies will be investigated.Finally, I will introduce Dr. Jessie McDonald as a medical missionary in China exploring her work first in Kaifeng, Honan and later in Tali, Yunnan.Included in the brief Proceedings of the 16 h Annual History of Medicine Days Melanie Stapleton-March 2007 ~ 150 ~ overview of her career in China will be a focus on some of the medical challenges Dr. J.McDonald faced including dirt and delay, eyes and tumours, suicide attempts, opium, all in the context of Chinese religion and culture.Both primary and secondary sources were used for this paper.Archival sources are from the Billy Graham Centre in Wheaton, Illinois, and include personal correspondence, diaries, a publication with notes, a pamphlet, and several annual reports prepared on the medical and missionary work in Kaifeng and Tali.Many of these were written by Dr Jessie McDonald herself while others were from colleagues working closely with her at the time.Secondary sources include two books each with a Chapter dedicated to Dr. Jessie McDonald and other articles on China and missionary work.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,018 | 0,007 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,006 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,005 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».