Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper will explore the historical background and importance of the medical career of a missionary in China -Dr.Jessie McDonald.Christianity in China made its first appearance with the Nestorians in the seventh century, but its presence was not made permanent until the sixteenth century.Dr. J. McDonald was part of the China Inland Mission established in 1865 by British evangelist, James Hudson Taylor.Although not the only mission to enter into China this mission extended further inland and was arguably the earliest to fully embrace the Chinese people, their culture and language as part of its mission.Dr. Jessie McDonald was the first and only female surgeon of this mission when she arrived in China at the age of 26.She was charged with the task of establishing a much-needed women's hospital in Kafeing, Honan.The dream that began in Vancouver as a young girl observing her mother tutor Chinese immigrants in English had come to fruition.Dr. J. McDonald would use her medical training in the treatment of dirt and delay in seeking treatment for eye problems and tumours, opium, suicide, along with Chinese culture and religion.Later in her career she would open a new hospital in Tali, Yunnan and finally a clinic in Paoshan on the Burma highway.Dr. J. McDonald would not leave China permanently until the entire China Inland Mission was pulled out in 1951.Having spent close to 40 years in China, Dr. J. McDonald had experienced the ending of the Manchu dynasty, civil war and revolution, the uprising of local warlords, a new Governor, Japanese invasion and finally a communist China.She was known in her time as an "intrepid medical pioneer" and has been called "the most formidable and effective of the modern missionaries."In this essay, I will examine the nature and significance of Dr. J. McDonald's practice utilizing both archival and secondary sources.I will begin by discussing the long-standing history of Christianity and missionaries in China.Following this brief introduction, the medical practitioner as a favourite of missionary societies will be investigated.Finally, I will introduce Dr. Jessie McDonald as a medical missionary in China exploring her work first in Kaifeng, Honan and later in Tali, Yunnan.Included in the brief Proceedings of the 16 h Annual History of Medicine Days Melanie Stapleton-March 2007 ~ 150 ~ overview of her career in China will be a focus on some of the medical challenges Dr. J.McDonald faced including dirt and delay, eyes and tumours, suicide attempts, opium, all in the context of Chinese religion and culture.Both primary and secondary sources were used for this paper.Archival sources are from the Billy Graham Centre in Wheaton, Illinois, and include personal correspondence, diaries, a publication with notes, a pamphlet, and several annual reports prepared on the medical and missionary work in Kaifeng and Tali.Many of these were written by Dr Jessie McDonald herself while others were from colleagues working closely with her at the time.Secondary sources include two books each with a Chapter dedicated to Dr. Jessie McDonald and other articles on China and missionary work.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.018 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".