ON THE CIRCULATION AND FRESHWATER DYNAMICS OF THE HUDSON BAY COMPLEX
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The Hudson Bay Complex (HBC), which includes Hudson, James, and Ungava Bays, Foxe Basin, and Hudson Strait, is currently undergoing change from two anthropogenic sources; industry and global warming. The communities surrounding this region use the sea for travel, hunting, and social connections, year round. Changes in the food chain and ice conditions thus impact the daily lives of the locals. The HBC also has a large drainage basin, receiving about 900 km^3 of freshwater annually, making it an ideal location for the production of hydroelectricity. This riverine water traverses Hudson Bay and is advected to the North Atlantic via Hudson Strait, the main pathway for exchange between the HBC and the global ocean. Hudson Strait is also the third largest source of advected freshwater to the Labrador Sea after Fram and Davis Straits. However, our understanding of the role of riverine water in the bay is limited, and downstream effects of changes in river discharge is presently unknown. Additionally, knowledge of circulation in areas, such as Hudson Strait, is limited to a few observational datasets. These datasets focus mostly on the southern side of the strait which contains fresh eastward flow, and while valuable, there are no recent published data for the north side of the strait containing westward flowing waters entering the bay. I begin by presenting the first multi-year freshwater budget for the HBC. Using four model simulations and three river discharge datasets, I show that river discharge impacts freshwater fluxes out of the region on timescales longer than a year. Decreased river discharge and seasonality led to reduced freshwater and volume exchange within the HBC and to the North Atlantic. Model resolution had minimal impact on freshwater and volume fluxes in areas with simple flow dynamics. I also provide estimates of the Ekman, mean, and turbulent components of freshwater exchange between the interior and boundary regions of the bay. The mean and Ekman components import freshwater to the interior in spring and summer, and export it in the fall. Residence times of discharge in the HBC are calculated using an offline Lagrangian passive tracer tool, with an upper limit of 32 years. Using the highest resolution model simulation available at the time, I revisited the summer circulation pattern in Hudson Bay, which historically was thought to be cyclonic. Using satellite altimetry data along with model output, I showed that in summer, steric height gradients due to increased river discharge in summer, generate small scale features, including anticyclonic geostrophic flow in eastern Hudson Bay. Given this result, I present a revised summer surface flow pattern for Hudson Bay. Finally, to increase our understanding of flow and water exchange in Hudson Strait, I present the first year long observed measurements of flow on the northern side of Hudson Strait. Mooring data show a saline, weakly stratified inflow with reduced seasonality on the northern side compared to the southern side of the strait, which contains the fresh, discharge laden outflow. Source waters are from the Baffin Island Current, comprised mainly of Arctic water, with small contributions from Transitional Water and West Greenland Irminger Water.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».