The Effects of Maximum Residue Limits on Trade: A Case of Canadian Wheat Export
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Wheat is Canada’s most produced crop, and Canada is one of the major wheat producers in the world. Canadian wheat production well exceeds the domestic demands, and thus more than half of the wheat production is being exported. With climate change and the increase in global food insecurity, Canada can play an essential role to feed the world. The success of the Canadian wheat industry depends on exports and market access. In addition to customary tariffs, non-tariff measures can affect trade. Maximum residue limits (MRLs) are a class of non-tariff measures. MRLs are the maximum levels of pesticide residues that remain in food and are deemed legally permitted. Codex Alimentarius Commission, an international standard-setting of the United Nations, vii establishes MRLs by applying science-based risk assessments. Following the Codex MRLs is voluntary, and countries can choose to develop their national MRLs as long as they abide by scientific methodologies that do not impede trade. States can decide to follow Codex or national MRLs. In either case, the domestic agricultural products, as well as the importing commodities, must meet the MRL requirements. The problem of MRLs has increased recently since countries started to develop national MRLs. The increasing number of unharmonized national MRLs create trade issues because by following the national MRLs, producers and farmers do not necessarily follow the importing countries’ regulatory requirements. A trade barrier occurs when the importing country’s MRLs are more stringent than the exporting countries’ MRLs. In addition, missing MRLs and pesticide bans add additional trade barriers. The complexity of the MRLs setting provides an opportunity for nationalistic and protectionist approaches to limit trade to promote national productions. The current literature has not reached a consensus on the effects of MRLs on trade. This report is the first quantitative analysis of the impacts of MRLs on Canadian wheat exports. In this study, the trade effects of five MRLs of major pesticides in wheat production were studied for 2018. A time-series analysis was also performed between 2014 and 2018. The gravity model and a bilateral stringency index were utilized for the econometric analysis. Although no wheat violations were reported for Canada in the last few years, the theoretical results show low MRLs can potentially act as trade barriers for Canadian wheat exports. Further studies are required to assess the exact values of the MRL impacts on trade.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».