GEANT 4: an Object-Oriented toolkit for simulation in HEP
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
%RD44 %title\\\\ \\\\The GEANT4 software has been developed by a world-wide collaboration of about 100 scientists from over 40 institutions and laboratories participating in more than 10 experiments in Europe, Russia, Japan, Canada, and the United States. The GEANT4 detector simulation toolkit has been designed for the next generation of High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments, with primary requirements from the LHC, the CP violation, and the heavy ions experiments. In addition, GEANT4 also meets the requirements from the space and medical communities, thanks to very low energy extensions developed in a joint project with the European Space Agency (ESA). GEANT4 has exploited advanced software engineering techniques (for example PSS-05) and Object-Oriented technology to improve the validation process of the physics results, and in the same time to make possible the distributed software design and development in the world-wide collaboration. Fifteen specialised working groups have been responsible for fields as diverse as physics, geometric modelling, visualisation, event generation, and user interfaces. The geometric modelling is CAD compliant via the STEP ISO standard. The tranport in electromagnetic and other types of fields is performed via several optional mathematical techniques for integration of the equation of motion. Virtually any graphics system can be used for visualisation purposes, including VRML for detectors and physics events. The widest energy range for electromagnetic interactions for gammas (including optical photons and x-rays), electrons, protons, and ions is covered via implementations from the eV region to the TeV energy regime. Muon physics extends beyond the PeV energies for cosmic rays experiments. The full set of hadronic physics interactions is implemented via alternative or complementary physics models, ranging from theoretical models, to parameterisations, and to data-driven models. Neutrons physics is modelled down to thermal and cold energies for radiation background studies (including a wide set of biasing options), offering a choice and a combination of neutron data from all existing databases in the world. These features make GEANT4 the most powerful integrated simulation tool developed to date. The GEANT4 project was proposed to and approved by the CERN Detector Research Development Committee (DRDC) at the end of 1994 as the R\\&D project RD44. From 1995 to its completion at the end of 1998 the project has reported to the CERN Large Hadron Collider Committee (LHCC). It has met all the required milestones. A first prototype was delivered at the end of 1995, the first alpha version was released in Spring 1997, and the first beta version at mid-1998. The first production version has been released in December 1998. With the release of the first production version the RD44 project has met its goals and has terminated. A formal collaboration, based on a Memorandum Of Understanding signed by CERN, major HEP laboratories and experiments, and by the European Space Agency, has been created to address the production phase of the software. Thus it should be possible for GEANT4 to take the inheritance of the GEANT3.21 (the de-facto standard simulation program which has been used to simulate the LEP, DESY, FNAL, SLAC detectors and many fixed target experiments, and to model all the four LHC detectors, as referenced in their relative Technical Proposals and Technical Design Reports) application domains and beyond. In less than one year from the first production release, GEANT4 has in facts already been successfully applied to test-beams studies for LHC in HEP, to astronomy-related space detectors, and to critical medical studies.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,032 | 0,012 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».