Translation of WHO-policy in Norway and Cuba: Directives from The Word Health Organization in states with different governance systems and economies

Transnational governance is governance that takes place across national boundaries and \ninvolving a diverse set of actors. One such actor is the World Health Organization which is \ncentral to transnational collaboration and policy development globally. Recently the WHO\nplayed an integral role in the worldwide battle against the Covid-19 pandemic and the \norganization has been a central figure in global public health through its declarations and \ndirectives that effectively constitute transnational policies. Perhaps the most prevalent of these \nare the Ottawa Charter and the Health in All Policies that emerged after it.\nNorway and Cuba are two public health puzzles that despite their large differences in \ngovernance structures and economies both have good results in population health. Both are \nmembers of the WHO, but how have the two countries translated transnational policy in the \nform of WHO-policy into public health measures and policies?\nThis thesis seeks to answer this question with the help of translation theory as a theoretical \nframework to interpret how WHO-policy is translated into the Norwegian and Cuban contexts,\nusing a multi-case design. A literature review was conducted to acquire and systematize data \nthat was analyzed through a content analysis of both cases. The aim of this study was to\ncontribute to the literature about the implications and significance of transnational policy on \nthe national levels.\nSome central findings are that national Norwegian public health policies that were found to be\nlargely reproduced from WHO-policy elements. However, there is a level of conflict between \nthe overarching policies of the national level and the municipal actors who work with \nimplementing them.\nAdditionally, Cuban public health work was found to largely be based around community \ninvolvement and situationally contingent public health measures that appear to be modified\ntranslations of WHO-policy.\nThe main finding of this thesis as it pertains to transnational governance is that national \ntranslations of transnational policy are likely to be reproduced to a much larger degree than \nregional and local translations that are more likely to be modified by the recipient contexts.

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