Translation of WHO-policy in Norway and Cuba: Directives from The Word Health Organization in states with different governance systems and economies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transnational governance is governance that takes place across national boundaries and \ninvolving a diverse set of actors. One such actor is the World Health Organization which is \ncentral to transnational collaboration and policy development globally. Recently the WHO\nplayed an integral role in the worldwide battle against the Covid-19 pandemic and the \norganization has been a central figure in global public health through its declarations and \ndirectives that effectively constitute transnational policies. Perhaps the most prevalent of these \nare the Ottawa Charter and the Health in All Policies that emerged after it.\nNorway and Cuba are two public health puzzles that despite their large differences in \ngovernance structures and economies both have good results in population health. Both are \nmembers of the WHO, but how have the two countries translated transnational policy in the \nform of WHO-policy into public health measures and policies?\nThis thesis seeks to answer this question with the help of translation theory as a theoretical \nframework to interpret how WHO-policy is translated into the Norwegian and Cuban contexts,\nusing a multi-case design. A literature review was conducted to acquire and systematize data \nthat was analyzed through a content analysis of both cases. The aim of this study was to\ncontribute to the literature about the implications and significance of transnational policy on \nthe national levels.\nSome central findings are that national Norwegian public health policies that were found to be\nlargely reproduced from WHO-policy elements. However, there is a level of conflict between \nthe overarching policies of the national level and the municipal actors who work with \nimplementing them.\nAdditionally, Cuban public health work was found to largely be based around community \ninvolvement and situationally contingent public health measures that appear to be modified\ntranslations of WHO-policy.\nThe main finding of this thesis as it pertains to transnational governance is that national \ntranslations of transnational policy are likely to be reproduced to a much larger degree than \nregional and local translations that are more likely to be modified by the recipient contexts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.031 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".