Towards a dynamic approach to ocean management in the high seas : perspectives from the polar regions

Marine ecosystems are exposed to increased cumulative pressures from manifold anthropogenic activities and climate change impacts.Despite the numerous international efforts to reverse biodiversity loss, such as the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) negotiated under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the recently concluded negotiations on a new international legally binding instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ), marine biodiversity continues to deteriorate.It remains largely unprotected, especially in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ).This indicates the failure of the current ocean governance systems and the ineffectiveness of existing management tools.Based on this hypothesis, the research aims to provide new perspectives for ocean management to adequately reflect the dynamics of marine ecosystems, which are inherent to it but also result from climate change impacts and human activities.As such, an extensive literature review, including the examination of relevant legal frameworks and relevant examples to provide a comprehensive overview of the current legal framework for the conservation of marine biodiversity applicable to ABNJ and how it reflects the dynamic characteristics of marine ecosystems, is undertaken.Two case studies from the Polar Regions which represent an innovative perspective for ocean management and governance approaches will complement the research.Accordingly, a number of relevant mechanisms that allow and provide for a more dynamic approach to ocean management in consideration of dynamic changes in the polar marine ecosystems are identified.Following the identification of gaps and opportunities in current ocean management and linking the different chapters of the research, the thesis provides key take-away messages unearthed through the research project.As such, the author concludes by highlighting that despite the remaining uncertainties of the legal framework and the largely insufficient ocean management system to efficiently protect and adequately react to rapid changes in the marine environment, international efforts, existing legal instruments, and management approaches from AWNJ and ABNJ provide a real opportunity to enhance ocean governance and management systems, generally but particularly in ABNJ.Without a doubt, this thesis could not have been accomplished without any support.Therefore, I extend my gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout and beyond the research process.First, I would like to express my appreciation for all the support, encouragement, and supervision I have received from Prof. Timo Koivurova since I first contacted him in early 2021.His interest in my research focus and background

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