The Distribution and Fate of Microplastic Pollution in Polar Environments
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The distribution of microplastics in polar regions is relatively unknown, but it is key to understanding the fate and potential impact of this pervasive and complex pollutant in these remote and threatened environments. This thesis focuses on the most accessible and arguably vital matrix in which microplastics may exist in the Arctic and Antarctic; the near-surface environments such as seawater and snow. Although likely to be transient, microplastics in these matrices present a direct interface between humans (the polluter) and the environment (the polluted). Determining distribution at the surface is vital to understanding the impact of an increasing human presence in these regions and an increasing human footprint via long-range transport. Three distinct environments have been explored in this thesis to provide data on the characteristics and concentrations of microplastics and facilitate the development of methods that enable perceived “pristine” environments to be effectively and rigorously investigated. In both the Canadian Arctic and the Southern Ocean, this thesis shows that microplastic concentrations are low compared with global concentrations. In the Arctic, it is shown that a 300 µm mesh, which has typically been used in marine microplastic research, retains only 6% of the particulate, which can be potentially captured on a 50 µm mesh, therefore significantly underestimating microplastic abundance and overlooking the characterisation of the most bioavailable size fraction to polar ecosystems. In the Southern Ocean, although concentrations are low, it is demonstrated that these are significantly high enough for microplastics to be encountered and therefore potentially ingested by pelagic amphipods. With little known about the subsidiary impacts of microplastics on the biogeochemistry of other pollutants in the Southern Ocean, an experiment exploring the impact of microplastics on mercury uptake by Antarctic krill has been carried out. Results from this ship-based laboratory experiment indicate that virgin microplastics, compared to particulate organic matter, play an insignificant role in mercury uptake by Antarctic krill. As methods developed, the final environmental dataset collected in Antarctic snow was analysed using automated analysis, revealing remarkably high concentrations of the smallest microplastics, heterogeneously distributed in continental Antarctica. These findings provide valuable insight into the distribution and potential fate of microplastics in polar environments whilst also providing vital information on the methods of carrying out polar plastics research. In combination, this is key to providing an evidence base for needs and ways to monitor and understand the impact of microplastics in remote polar regions.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle