African Water Laws: Plural Legislative Frameworks For Rural Water Management in Africa: an international workshop, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26-28 January 2005.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
flexible, adaptive to shocks and changes, locally appropriate • areas of jurisdiction often localized (yet: migration, transhumance, upstreamdownstream) • hierarchies/accountability, gender, age Customary arrangements Existence and effectiveness -2• context: predominance in rural Africa, globally least formalized (water) economy • evolution, impacts urbanization, literacy, religion, etc ?• local government: negotiated co-existence re-emergence, contest/ overlap, dwindling?Customary arrangements Existence and effectiveness -3• integrating uses, users, and sources, within cosmology • livelihood-oriented water development with incentives to invest • life-oriented sharing of god-given common resource • water authorities, committees, functional groupingsCustomary arrangements Existence and effectiveness: water-1 • hierarchies, e.g.gender • increased pressure on available water resources • limited access to technologies, mid-term credits, range of other factors for enterprise development • limited awareness of upstream-downstream Customary arrangements Existence and effectiveness: water-2 state statutory policies, law, administration custodian of the nation's water resources two roles • investor in hydraulic mission: increasing the pie • regulator: sharing a limited pie (workshop less focus on quality issues) Formal Investor in infrastructure development • colonial era: colonial minority • independence: majority, esp.domestic uses • IWRM: 'nation-wide, year-round water scarcity', so stifling water development for productive uses; ongoing domestic water development Formal -hydraulic mission Water use authorization • colonial era: expropriation by minority • independence: state property -dormant • IWRM: revival property issue to expand to rural areas through registration-cumauthorization-cum-taxation; basin institutions Formal -regulator Exception South Africa • hydraulic mission: domestic and productive water development for 'Historically Disadvantaged Individuals' • regulator in stressed areas • taking water from the haves to allocate to the havenots through compulsory licensing • taxation for self-financing, cross-subsidization • 19 basin institutions: state-steered participatory democracyFormal -to redress inequities• systematic design and implementation of complementary roles at nested levels • principles (e.g.CDD World Bank)• priorities of rural communities and their local governments as basis • integration e.g.multiple use water, other factors • subsidiarity: self-planning and implementation • financing stream downwards, fiscal strength • simplification bureaucracies • staff incentive structures to improve accountability downwards, etc. Formal recognition -genericRole government at local level • support (technical, financial, institutional, empowerment of marginalized) for storage and abstraction technologies Role government at basin level • informing and ensuring (?) access to basin/aquifer water resources Formal recognition -hydraulic mission -Examples role government in local conflict management (dry season): • 'nested arbiter' at highest customary tier and lowest formal tier • codification into formal law/bye-laws (stifling?removing safety nets for poorest?) • bottom-up participatory water management • formalizing proportional shares of dry season flows over river stretches Formal recognition -regulator at local level -1 Impact of formal permits ?Administration • "cadastre disaster" of registering many scattered, remote, illiterate users • transition, forever, phased ?• only existing collectivities?Formal recognition -regulator at local level -2 Impact of formal permits -ctd ?Effectiveness • inadequacy permit information (sites, volumes in annual averages, if available) • enforcement of upper ceiling impossible • corruption-prone Formal recognition -regulator at local level -3 Impact of formal permits -ctd ?Effectiveness • criminalizes (!) all non-registered users • distorts customary arrangements • ownership contested • confusion, forum shopping • 'I paid, so I can use' Formal recognition -regulator at local level -4 Impact of formal permits -ctd ?Effectiveness • compatibility with role as nested arbiter ?• discourages investment in storage Formal recognition -regulator at local level -5 Impacts of permits: aggregate local problems ?Water resources planning • information value of registration • unpacking 'water scarcity' by area and season 'problemsheds' Formal recognition -regulator at basin level -1If stress and zero-sum allocation: government's political choice• Recognizing customary and/or small-scale uses for compensation, if taken away or sold • Prioritization by sector / people • Allocating future water development Formal recognition -regulator at basin level -2Implementation alternatives to permits • Blanket prioritization or authorization • to areas/groups • below thresholds colonial legacy of 'allocating' to the colonial labor power to survive ?Human rights?Democratic equal rights for all ?• Other measures: legal aid, strategic links, effective devolution Formal recognition -regulator at basin level -3 Conclusions
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,006 | 0,004 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,006 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,007 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,004 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,005 | 0,004 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,017 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».