African Water Laws: Plural Legislative Frameworks For Rural Water Management in Africa: an international workshop, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26-28 January 2005.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
flexible, adaptive to shocks and changes, locally appropriate • areas of jurisdiction often localized (yet: migration, transhumance, upstreamdownstream) • hierarchies/accountability, gender, age Customary arrangements Existence and effectiveness -2• context: predominance in rural Africa, globally least formalized (water) economy • evolution, impacts urbanization, literacy, religion, etc ?• local government: negotiated co-existence re-emergence, contest/ overlap, dwindling?Customary arrangements Existence and effectiveness -3• integrating uses, users, and sources, within cosmology • livelihood-oriented water development with incentives to invest • life-oriented sharing of god-given common resource • water authorities, committees, functional groupingsCustomary arrangements Existence and effectiveness: water-1 • hierarchies, e.g.gender • increased pressure on available water resources • limited access to technologies, mid-term credits, range of other factors for enterprise development • limited awareness of upstream-downstream Customary arrangements Existence and effectiveness: water-2 state statutory policies, law, administration custodian of the nation's water resources two roles • investor in hydraulic mission: increasing the pie • regulator: sharing a limited pie (workshop less focus on quality issues) Formal Investor in infrastructure development • colonial era: colonial minority • independence: majority, esp.domestic uses • IWRM: 'nation-wide, year-round water scarcity', so stifling water development for productive uses; ongoing domestic water development Formal -hydraulic mission Water use authorization • colonial era: expropriation by minority • independence: state property -dormant • IWRM: revival property issue to expand to rural areas through registration-cumauthorization-cum-taxation; basin institutions Formal -regulator Exception South Africa • hydraulic mission: domestic and productive water development for 'Historically Disadvantaged Individuals' • regulator in stressed areas • taking water from the haves to allocate to the havenots through compulsory licensing • taxation for self-financing, cross-subsidization • 19 basin institutions: state-steered participatory democracyFormal -to redress inequities• systematic design and implementation of complementary roles at nested levels • principles (e.g.CDD World Bank)• priorities of rural communities and their local governments as basis • integration e.g.multiple use water, other factors • subsidiarity: self-planning and implementation • financing stream downwards, fiscal strength • simplification bureaucracies • staff incentive structures to improve accountability downwards, etc. Formal recognition -genericRole government at local level • support (technical, financial, institutional, empowerment of marginalized) for storage and abstraction technologies Role government at basin level • informing and ensuring (?) access to basin/aquifer water resources Formal recognition -hydraulic mission -Examples role government in local conflict management (dry season): • 'nested arbiter' at highest customary tier and lowest formal tier • codification into formal law/bye-laws (stifling?removing safety nets for poorest?) • bottom-up participatory water management • formalizing proportional shares of dry season flows over river stretches Formal recognition -regulator at local level -1 Impact of formal permits ?Administration • "cadastre disaster" of registering many scattered, remote, illiterate users • transition, forever, phased ?• only existing collectivities?Formal recognition -regulator at local level -2 Impact of formal permits -ctd ?Effectiveness • inadequacy permit information (sites, volumes in annual averages, if available) • enforcement of upper ceiling impossible • corruption-prone Formal recognition -regulator at local level -3 Impact of formal permits -ctd ?Effectiveness • criminalizes (!) all non-registered users • distorts customary arrangements • ownership contested • confusion, forum shopping • 'I paid, so I can use' Formal recognition -regulator at local level -4 Impact of formal permits -ctd ?Effectiveness • compatibility with role as nested arbiter ?• discourages investment in storage Formal recognition -regulator at local level -5 Impacts of permits: aggregate local problems ?Water resources planning • information value of registration • unpacking 'water scarcity' by area and season 'problemsheds' Formal recognition -regulator at basin level -1If stress and zero-sum allocation: government's political choice• Recognizing customary and/or small-scale uses for compensation, if taken away or sold • Prioritization by sector / people • Allocating future water development Formal recognition -regulator at basin level -2Implementation alternatives to permits • Blanket prioritization or authorization • to areas/groups • below thresholds colonial legacy of 'allocating' to the colonial labor power to survive ?Human rights?Democratic equal rights for all ?• Other measures: legal aid, strategic links, effective devolution Formal recognition -regulator at basin level -3 Conclusions
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".