Boundary Delimitation in the Economic Zone: The Gulf of Maine Dispute
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
In an ideal world of abundant natural resources, homogeneously distributed among nations, the issue of marine boundary delimitation would have little significance within the international community. However, the realities of randomly concentrated and limited resources, complicated by the political geography of the oceans, have made maritime boundary delimitation a crucial international issue. In a world of more than 130 coastal nations, the determination of standards for allocation of living and non-living ocean resources within the fertile offshore areas has become an issue of widespread economic importance. Nonetheless, the international community has developed few concrete and specific rules for marine boundary delimitation within the various marine zones historically claimed by coastal nations. The advent of the 200-mile economic zone concept has further intensified the need for an approach to boundary delimitation problems capable of accommodating both environmental realities and political expectations. Marine boundary delimitation falls into three broad classifications. First is the drawing of baselines along a coast that will close off a coastal nation's internal waters and serve as the starting point for measurement of the various offshore zones. The second step in boundary delimitation involves fixing the seaward limit of the various marine zones of national jurisdiction. The marine zones commonly claimed by coastal nations include: territorial sea; contiguous zone; continental shelf; and, more recently, the exclusive economic zone. The third category of marine boundaries includes the international maritime boundaries between adjacent and opposite states. This Comment, focusing on the delimitation of international boundaries in the economic zone, will proceed through three analytical stages. First, the legal history of boundary delimitation in other marine zones will be reviewed in an effort to find solutions which may be of use within the economic zone. The following section will analyze current proposals for economic zone boundary delimitation at the ongoing Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea [UNCLOS I1]. These proposals will be discussed in the light of prior experience with other marine zones and the problems likely to be encountered in practical application. Finally, an assessment of the current economic zone boundary dispute between the United States and Canada in the Gulf of Maine will be undertaken. The unique environmental factors pertinent to this dispute will receive significant attention as two possible solutions are analyzed: the proposed Canada-United States bilateral settlement and, in the event bilateral negotiations should fail, judicial settlement by the International Court of Justice or the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».