Boundary Delimitation in the Economic Zone: The Gulf of Maine Dispute
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In an ideal world of abundant natural resources, homogeneously distributed among nations, the issue of marine boundary delimitation would have little significance within the international community. However, the realities of randomly concentrated and limited resources, complicated by the political geography of the oceans, have made maritime boundary delimitation a crucial international issue. In a world of more than 130 coastal nations, the determination of standards for allocation of living and non-living ocean resources within the fertile offshore areas has become an issue of widespread economic importance. Nonetheless, the international community has developed few concrete and specific rules for marine boundary delimitation within the various marine zones historically claimed by coastal nations. The advent of the 200-mile economic zone concept has further intensified the need for an approach to boundary delimitation problems capable of accommodating both environmental realities and political expectations. Marine boundary delimitation falls into three broad classifications. First is the drawing of baselines along a coast that will close off a coastal nation's internal waters and serve as the starting point for measurement of the various offshore zones. The second step in boundary delimitation involves fixing the seaward limit of the various marine zones of national jurisdiction. The marine zones commonly claimed by coastal nations include: territorial sea; contiguous zone; continental shelf; and, more recently, the exclusive economic zone. The third category of marine boundaries includes the international maritime boundaries between adjacent and opposite states. This Comment, focusing on the delimitation of international boundaries in the economic zone, will proceed through three analytical stages. First, the legal history of boundary delimitation in other marine zones will be reviewed in an effort to find solutions which may be of use within the economic zone. The following section will analyze current proposals for economic zone boundary delimitation at the ongoing Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea [UNCLOS I1]. These proposals will be discussed in the light of prior experience with other marine zones and the problems likely to be encountered in practical application. Finally, an assessment of the current economic zone boundary dispute between the United States and Canada in the Gulf of Maine will be undertaken. The unique environmental factors pertinent to this dispute will receive significant attention as two possible solutions are analyzed: the proposed Canada-United States bilateral settlement and, in the event bilateral negotiations should fail, judicial settlement by the International Court of Justice or the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.023 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Research integrity | 0.012 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".