Is This Time Different? Capture and Anti-Capture of U.S. Politics. The Economists’ Voice 9
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Societies are molded by their institutions that determine both their levels of prosperity and how that prosperity is distributed within society. For most of its history the United States has had economic institutions which have been inclusive in the sense that economic opportunities have been open to most, the playing field has been level, and property rights have been secure. The inclusiveness of economic institutions has meant that the United States has been fully able to harness the talent of its citizens who have consequently experienced high rates of social mobility. Take Thomas Edison, the inventor of the phonogram and the light bulb and the founder of General Electric, still one of the world's largest companies. Edison was the last of seven children. His father, Samuel Edison, followed many occupations from splitting shingles for roofs, to tailoring, to keeping a tavern. Thomas had little formal schooling but was home schooled by his mother. He was not an elite or well connected but the economic institutions of the US, like the patent law (he had a world record 1,093 patents issued to him in the US) allowed him to thrive to the benefit of himself and society. Sokoloff and Kahn (1990) showed that innovation, as measured by patenting, in the US in the 19 th century was driven by such non-elites. Obviously economic institutions were not inclusive everywhere in the US. The federal system allowed for institutional divergence within the US and the South had much more extractive institutions, with a tilted playing field in favor of elites and weak or absent property rights for many in society. The slave economy in the US South epitomizes the nature of extractive economic institutions. Instead of opening economic institutions to everyone or allowing social mobility, extractive institutions restrict opportunities to a powerful few and block social mobility. The children of slaves were also slaves, slaves could not own property, had no 1 The concepts and arguments used in this paper borrow heavily from our forthcoming book Acemoglu and
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,005 | 0,009 |
| Communication savante | 0,008 | 0,007 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,005 | 0,005 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,009 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».