Impact of processing and chemical composition of Western Canadian ingredients in pigs
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Feed represents about two thirds of the total cost of pork production. Western Canadian ingredients such as lentil , canola meal (CM), and barley grain offer alternatives to conventional energy and protein sources fed to swine. Lentil, rich in starch and protein, may serve as alternative feed energy and protein source. While substituting soybean meal (SBM) with CM lowers feed cost, its greater fibre and anti-nutritional factor (ANF) content may impair nutrient utilization. Hull-less barley cultivars with fermentable carbohydrates may enhance gut health; however, barley grain inclusion in starter pig diets is limited due to its relatively high fibre content that may reduce nutrient digestion and growth performance. This thesis investigated the roles of lentil, CM, and barley grain in swine diets, focusing on their effects on nutrient utilization, growth performance, body composition and retention of energy, protein, and lipids. Additionally, effects of interactions among these ingredients, dietary fibre, starch, and processing technologies (e.g., extrusion, steam explosion) on metabolite profiles and energy efficiency to improve nutrient use, growth performance, and sustainability in swine production systems were explored. In Chapter 2, ileal-cannulated grower pigs were fed lentil-based diets supplemented with either soybean meal (SBM) or fish meal (FM) as protein sources, with each diet subjected to extrusion or not. Feeding FM diets resulted in greater apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and amino acids (AA) than the SBM diets. Extrusion increased the AID of crude protein (CP) and most AA, and the digestible energy (DE) value of lentil-based diets containing either SBM or FM. In chapter 3, two studies determined effects of steam-explosion on nutrient and energy digestibility in solvent-extracted Brassica napus canola meal in grower pigs and diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance in weaned pigs. Steam-explosion reduced ileal digestibility of CP, most indispensable AA and GE of canola meal in grower pigs. Dietary inclusion of 200 g canola meal/kg to replace SBM reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI), but not average daily gain (ADG), and thus increased gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) in weaned pigs. Steam-explosion of canola meal reduced dietary ATTD of CP and increased ADFI, but not ADG or G:F of weaned pigs. In chapters 4 and 5, low-fermentable, hulled barley grain (LFB) and high fermentable, hull-less barley grain cultivars (high β-glucan HFBB; high amylose HFAB) replaced low-fermentable, wheat grain in weaned pig diets. In Chapter 4, a fifth test diet was formulated using steam-exploded LFB. In Chapter 5, a diet with reduced NE value was formulated using LFB. Feeding barley grain to replace wheat grain reduced diet ATTD of GE and CP but did not affect growth performance in weaned pigs. However, hulled or hull-less barley to replace wheat grain did not affect AID of GE and CP, but high-amylose hull-less barley reduced AID of β-glucan and starch. Regardless of fermentable carbohydrates content, dietary inclusion of barley to replace wheat grain did not affect total SCFA concentrations in cecal and colonic digesta, virulence factor levels of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in ileal and colonic digesta, or body composition. However, high dietary fermentable carbohydrates reduced empty body weight (empty BW) and increased hindgut weight and digesta butyric and propionic acid concentration. Feeding a LFB with reduced NE value while maintaining SID AA content did not affect growth, empty BW, and organ weights, whereas steam explosion of LFB did not increase dietary energy, protein digestibility or growth performance in weaned pigs. In conclusion, extrusion increased the feeding value of lentil-based diets. Steam-explosion reduced the nutritional value of CM in grower and nursery pigs. Feeding diets containing 200 g CM/kg, balanced for NE and SID AA to replace SBM, maintained ADG and improved G:F in weaned pigs. Feeding barley diets, regardless of fermentability or energy density, maintained growth performance and carcass weight, with fermentable carbohydrates favoring hindgut fermentation and cecal butyric acid production. Feed processing and balancing diets based on available energy and AA to match their supply and requirements can maintain growth performance and may lower feed cost when feeding protein- and fibre-rich alternative feed ingredients
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».