Impact of processing and chemical composition of Western Canadian ingredients in pigs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Feed represents about two thirds of the total cost of pork production. Western Canadian ingredients such as lentil , canola meal (CM), and barley grain offer alternatives to conventional energy and protein sources fed to swine. Lentil, rich in starch and protein, may serve as alternative feed energy and protein source. While substituting soybean meal (SBM) with CM lowers feed cost, its greater fibre and anti-nutritional factor (ANF) content may impair nutrient utilization. Hull-less barley cultivars with fermentable carbohydrates may enhance gut health; however, barley grain inclusion in starter pig diets is limited due to its relatively high fibre content that may reduce nutrient digestion and growth performance. This thesis investigated the roles of lentil, CM, and barley grain in swine diets, focusing on their effects on nutrient utilization, growth performance, body composition and retention of energy, protein, and lipids. Additionally, effects of interactions among these ingredients, dietary fibre, starch, and processing technologies (e.g., extrusion, steam explosion) on metabolite profiles and energy efficiency to improve nutrient use, growth performance, and sustainability in swine production systems were explored. In Chapter 2, ileal-cannulated grower pigs were fed lentil-based diets supplemented with either soybean meal (SBM) or fish meal (FM) as protein sources, with each diet subjected to extrusion or not. Feeding FM diets resulted in greater apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and amino acids (AA) than the SBM diets. Extrusion increased the AID of crude protein (CP) and most AA, and the digestible energy (DE) value of lentil-based diets containing either SBM or FM. In chapter 3, two studies determined effects of steam-explosion on nutrient and energy digestibility in solvent-extracted Brassica napus canola meal in grower pigs and diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance in weaned pigs. Steam-explosion reduced ileal digestibility of CP, most indispensable AA and GE of canola meal in grower pigs. Dietary inclusion of 200 g canola meal/kg to replace SBM reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI), but not average daily gain (ADG), and thus increased gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) in weaned pigs. Steam-explosion of canola meal reduced dietary ATTD of CP and increased ADFI, but not ADG or G:F of weaned pigs. In chapters 4 and 5, low-fermentable, hulled barley grain (LFB) and high fermentable, hull-less barley grain cultivars (high β-glucan HFBB; high amylose HFAB) replaced low-fermentable, wheat grain in weaned pig diets. In Chapter 4, a fifth test diet was formulated using steam-exploded LFB. In Chapter 5, a diet with reduced NE value was formulated using LFB. Feeding barley grain to replace wheat grain reduced diet ATTD of GE and CP but did not affect growth performance in weaned pigs. However, hulled or hull-less barley to replace wheat grain did not affect AID of GE and CP, but high-amylose hull-less barley reduced AID of β-glucan and starch. Regardless of fermentable carbohydrates content, dietary inclusion of barley to replace wheat grain did not affect total SCFA concentrations in cecal and colonic digesta, virulence factor levels of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in ileal and colonic digesta, or body composition. However, high dietary fermentable carbohydrates reduced empty body weight (empty BW) and increased hindgut weight and digesta butyric and propionic acid concentration. Feeding a LFB with reduced NE value while maintaining SID AA content did not affect growth, empty BW, and organ weights, whereas steam explosion of LFB did not increase dietary energy, protein digestibility or growth performance in weaned pigs. In conclusion, extrusion increased the feeding value of lentil-based diets. Steam-explosion reduced the nutritional value of CM in grower and nursery pigs. Feeding diets containing 200 g CM/kg, balanced for NE and SID AA to replace SBM, maintained ADG and improved G:F in weaned pigs. Feeding barley diets, regardless of fermentability or energy density, maintained growth performance and carcass weight, with fermentable carbohydrates favoring hindgut fermentation and cecal butyric acid production. Feed processing and balancing diets based on available energy and AA to match their supply and requirements can maintain growth performance and may lower feed cost when feeding protein- and fibre-rich alternative feed ingredients
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".