A Comparative Analysis of the Idea and Working of Federalism in India with Reference to U.S.A., Canada, Australia, and Switzerland
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units, such as states, provinces, cantons, etc. Federalism allows for diversity and autonomy of the sub-national units, while also maintaining a common national identity and interest. Different countries have adopted different models of federalism, depending on their historical, political, and social contexts. India is a federal republic with a parliamentary system of government. The Constitution of India, adopted in 1950, provides for a division of powers between the Union and the States, with a concurrent list of subjects on which both can legislate. The United States of America is a federal republic with a presidential system of government. The Constitution of the United States, adopted in 1787, establishes a federal system of checks and balances between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the federal government, and the states. The Constitution also grants certain powers and rights to the citizens, such as the Bill of Rights, which limit the authority of the federal government. Canada is a federal parliamentary monarchy with a constitutional system of government. The Constitution Act, 1867, formerly known as the British North America Act, 1867, created a federation of four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The Constitution Act, 1982, patriated the constitution from the United Kingdom, and added the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees the rights and freedoms of the people. Canada has a bilingual and multicultural society, with two official languages (English and French) and a recognition of the rights of the Aboriginal peoples. Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a Westminster system of government. The Constitution of Australia, adopted in 1901, established a federation of six states and two territories. The Constitution also outlines the roles and responsibilities of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the federal government, and the states. Australia has a common law system, with the High Court of Australia as the final court of appeal. Switzerland is a federal semi-direct democracy with a directorial system of government. The Constitution of Switzerland, adopted in 1848, and revised in 1999, defines Switzerland as a confederation of 26 cantons, which have a high degree of autonomy and sovereignty. The Constitution also provides for a system of direct democracy, in which the people can initiate or reject laws through referendums and popular initiatives. Switzerland has a multilingual and multicultural society, with four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh) and a recognition of the diversity of the cantons.Thispaperwillendeavor to discus s,analyze,andcomparethesystemoffederalismindifferentcountrieswith respect to India and this doctrinal research will focus on the system of governance in the mentionedcountries.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».