The Incubation Temperature of Leach's Storm-petrel
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The Procellariiformes are pelagic, surface-feeding seabirds, all of which nest on islands, lay a single egg, and have prolonged development periods compared with other birds.Leach's Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), one of the smallest species in the order, lays a 10-g egg, has an incubation period (laying to hatching) of 4042 days (Palmer 1962), which is twice as long as that of other birds having eggs of similar size (Rahn and Ar 1974, Drent 1975), and has a nestling period (hatching to flight) of 63-70 days (Palmer 1962, Wilbur 1969).The single-egg clutch and slow postnatal growth have been related to the food supply, which is distant, patchy, and apparently unpredictable, especially when storms prevent feeding (Lack 1966, 1968).But because the embryo is provided with all its food at the beginning of incubation, food limitation cannot directly cause the prolonged period of embryonic development.To explain the long incubation periods of procellariiform birds, Lack (1968) suggested that rates of embryonic and postembryonic growth have a common genetic basis, and therefore selection of slow postnatal growth to reduce energy requirements would necessarily prolong the incubation period.This hypothesis may be rejected, however, because the growth rates of Procellariiforms do not differ greatly from those of species in other orders (e.g.Galliformes, Charadriiformes) having much shorter incubation periods (Ricklefs 1973).Warham (1971) contended that the long incubation periods of Procellariiformes derive from low incubation temperatures, but Drent (1975) could find no evidence to support this view.According to Drent, the reported incubation temperatures of 25 species of birds varied between 34 and 38øC, with those of most species being between 35 and 36øC.Incubation temperatures of four Procellariiformes varied between 34.8 and 36.6øC, the lowest value being Drent's unpublished measurement for Leach's Storm-Petrel.Drent dismissed many extremely low values included in Warham's summary as being caused by faulty technique and by the failure to allow sufficient time for full equilibration of egg temperature after disturbance.Here we report two independent measurements of the incubation temperature of Leach's Storm-Petrel of about 32 and 33øC, the lowest yet recorded by direct, reliable measurement for any species (cf.Burger and Williams 1979).Studies were conducted by RER on Baccalieu Island, Newfoundland, between 21 and 24 July 1978, and by HR on Kent Island, Grand Manan, New Brunswick, during the last week of June and first two weeks of July 1978.On Baccalieu Island, nest burrows were dug into steep, west-facing, grassy slopes.Temperatures were obtained using a Yellow Springs Instruments thermistor thermometer.Body temperatures were measured by extending the thermistor probe into the proventriculus of adults immediately after they were removed from the nest.Brood patch temperatures were obtained from adults removed from their nests.The birds were provided artificial nests, with a petrel egg to which a thermistor had been taped, in a box at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 15øC.The birds readily incubated the eggs.The
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».