Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Procellariiformes are pelagic, surface-feeding seabirds, all of which nest on islands, lay a single egg, and have prolonged development periods compared with other birds.Leach's Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), one of the smallest species in the order, lays a 10-g egg, has an incubation period (laying to hatching) of 4042 days (Palmer 1962), which is twice as long as that of other birds having eggs of similar size (Rahn and Ar 1974, Drent 1975), and has a nestling period (hatching to flight) of 63-70 days (Palmer 1962, Wilbur 1969).The single-egg clutch and slow postnatal growth have been related to the food supply, which is distant, patchy, and apparently unpredictable, especially when storms prevent feeding (Lack 1966, 1968).But because the embryo is provided with all its food at the beginning of incubation, food limitation cannot directly cause the prolonged period of embryonic development.To explain the long incubation periods of procellariiform birds, Lack (1968) suggested that rates of embryonic and postembryonic growth have a common genetic basis, and therefore selection of slow postnatal growth to reduce energy requirements would necessarily prolong the incubation period.This hypothesis may be rejected, however, because the growth rates of Procellariiforms do not differ greatly from those of species in other orders (e.g.Galliformes, Charadriiformes) having much shorter incubation periods (Ricklefs 1973).Warham (1971) contended that the long incubation periods of Procellariiformes derive from low incubation temperatures, but Drent (1975) could find no evidence to support this view.According to Drent, the reported incubation temperatures of 25 species of birds varied between 34 and 38øC, with those of most species being between 35 and 36øC.Incubation temperatures of four Procellariiformes varied between 34.8 and 36.6øC, the lowest value being Drent's unpublished measurement for Leach's Storm-Petrel.Drent dismissed many extremely low values included in Warham's summary as being caused by faulty technique and by the failure to allow sufficient time for full equilibration of egg temperature after disturbance.Here we report two independent measurements of the incubation temperature of Leach's Storm-Petrel of about 32 and 33øC, the lowest yet recorded by direct, reliable measurement for any species (cf.Burger and Williams 1979).Studies were conducted by RER on Baccalieu Island, Newfoundland, between 21 and 24 July 1978, and by HR on Kent Island, Grand Manan, New Brunswick, during the last week of June and first two weeks of July 1978.On Baccalieu Island, nest burrows were dug into steep, west-facing, grassy slopes.Temperatures were obtained using a Yellow Springs Instruments thermistor thermometer.Body temperatures were measured by extending the thermistor probe into the proventriculus of adults immediately after they were removed from the nest.Brood patch temperatures were obtained from adults removed from their nests.The birds were provided artificial nests, with a petrel egg to which a thermistor had been taped, in a box at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 15øC.The birds readily incubated the eggs.The
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".