Characterizing Groundwater Discharge from a Cobble Armored Streambed, Alder Creek, Ontario, Canada
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Quantifying flow across the groundwater-surface water interface (GWSWIn) is necessary for a detailed understanding of the hydrological connectivity between groundwater and surface water, and for the effective management of water resources in general. Fluxes across the GWSWIn can be used to monitor both water transport and the movement of contaminant mass, which in turn can be used to estimate mass discharge or loading. These estimates are of great value for the assessment of risk and the preservation of human and ecosystem health. Numerous techniques have been used to measure water movement across the GWSWIn, with new, innovative techniques emerging to extend the opportunities for GWSWIn research. This study conducted a detailed survey of two stream reaches of Alder Creek (Ontario, Canada): a meander with cobbles 1-15 cm in diameter lining the streambed and a straight channel with minimal cobbles visibly present on the sediment surface. The reaches were surveyed to determine the velocities of water crossing the GWSWIn for the purpose of assessing the mechanics of flow in the shallow streambed. The Streambed Point Velocity Probe (SBPVP) was used to measure seepage velocities without reference to Darcy’s Law calculations (i.e. ‘direct’ measurements via small-scale tracer testing). Measurements were able to be made between the cobbles (0-10 cm below the streambed surface) and were later compared to seepage velocities estimated from temperature-depth profiles (10-50 cm below the streambed surface). When compared, the SBPVP results were found to be 2 orders of magnitude larger than the temperature-depth profile values. This observed difference was attributed to a combination of factors, including the depth of measurement, seasonal variations, shallow horizontal flow, and the presence of flow-obstructing cobbles on the streambed. Our analysis indicates that the cobbles played a significant role in influencing flow dynamics of the shallow streambed, notably directing flow to the limited area between the cobbles, thereby increasing shallow groundwater velocity. By correcting for the cobble density in the SBPVP derived measurements, and accounting for the fraction of flow that was measured to occur vertically from the bed to the channel (a weighted velocity average) the SBPVP-derived velocity values were comparable to those derived from the temperature-depth profile velocities. Two-dimensional modeling of flow in the streambed, in section, recreated the measured patterns of multidirectional flow and provided visualizations of the flow redirection caused by the presence of the cobbles. Utilizing the measured vertical velocity values at the meander site, interpolated velocity values between the measurement points, and the distribution of nitrate in the shallow groundwater beneath the channel, a mass flux estimate of nitrate was calculated to be about 8 kg/day NO3- . This loading partially explained a small increase in stream channel concentrations of nitrate along the reach, suggesting that nitrate entering the stream from the banks may be an important contributor in addition to groundwater discharge from below. The findings from this study demonstrate the application of modern methods for obtaining detailed information to characterize GWSW interactions in armored streambeds, with beneficial insights for the assessment of risk due to contaminant loadings.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».