Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Materialism has been defined as the devotion to acquisition and possession ... (Tatzel, 2002, p.110). Theoretically, materialism has been viewed either as a set of values consisting of success, centrality, and happiness (Richins & Dawson, 1992) or as a trait consisting of possessiveness, non-generosity and envy (Belk, 1984, 1985). Subjective well-being has been found to be lower in highly materialistic individuals compared to those that are materialistic (e.g., Belk, 1985; Burroughs & Rindfleisch, 2002; Kashdan & Breen, 2007; Kasser & Ahuvia, 2002; Kasser & Ryan, 1993). One possible reason for lower subjective well-being is that there are social drawbacks to the pursuit of materialistic goals. This is likely to have consequences for the self, since materialistic individuals are stigmatized as being less likable, and they have desirable personality qualities, such as being self-centered, selfish, manipulative, and externally oriented (Van Boven, Campbell & Gilovich, 2010, p. 551). While the relationship between materialism and low subjective well-being has been established, there are only a few studies examining the relationship between materialism and the self (e.g., Belk, 1988; Chang & Arkin, 2002; Gao, Wheeler & Shiv, 2009; Kashdan & Breen, 2007; Tian & Belk, 2005). These studies have found that the materialistic self is external and fragile; however, why materialism can impact the self in this manner requires further investigation. Self-concept clarity, self-efficacy, locus of control and self-monitoring are four important self-related concepts that are likely to be related to both externality and fragility of the self in materialism. The present study investigated the question of why the materialistic self is external and fragile. Defining the self While there are a variety of definitions of the self, one possible definition of the self provided by Campbell et al. (1996) may have particular relevance to materialism: .the self-concept is defined as a cognitive schema--an organized knowledge structure that contains traits, values, episodic and semantic memories about the self and controls the processing of self-relevant information (p. 141). This conception of the self is consistent with the notion that experiential purchases (e.g. travel, restaurant meals, theater tickets) become part of an individual's memories and hence part of one's self-concept compared to the purchase of physical objects which are inherently external (Carter & Gilovich, 2102). Therefore, it is possible that the highly materialistic individual is likely to develop a strong sense of self as the emphasis is upon acquiring status- enhancing objects rather than experiences that will form the fabric of a strong internalized sense of self. Materialism and an Extrinsic Self The extrinsic nature of materialistic goals is a possible reason for the lack of happiness found with highly materialistic individuals (Kasser, 2002, Sheldon & Kasser, 2008). Extrinsic goals are satisfying in terms of how they create admiration in others rather than satisfying inherent psychological needs (Kasser & Ryan, 2001). In a study involving 15 cultures, Grouzet et al., (2005) found that a goal of financial success was related to an extrinsic orientation, which brings the focus onto the physical self rather than a more spiritual, self-transcendent self. Kashdan and Breen (2007) have related materialism to self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), which also makes the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Intrinsic goals are directed towards pursuits such as personal development or enhancing personal relationships. Extrinsic goals are focused on the attainment of popularity, money or physical attractiveness. Kashdan and Breen (2007) describe the materialistic 'self' as an externalized self, whereby a positive view of the self is contingent on possessions, money, power, and image (p. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».