Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The is changing rapidly. The unprecedented changes have created an imagery of a bountiful region with high political stakes and commercial gain. The great expectation, excitement and accompanying nervousness reminds me of an article written in Foreign Policy in 1985 (in the throes of the cold war) by Oran Young that said, is hardly an exaggeration to say that the world is entering an of the Arctic, an era in which those concerned with international peace and security will urgently need to know much more about the region and in which policymakers in the rim states will become increasingly concerned with affairs. The icy waters of the were then primarily a strategic theatre, where the US and the Soviet Union (now Russia) were (and are) only 91 km apart at the Bering Strait. Three decades hence, the world has truly entered an age of the Arctic but an that is increasingly ice-free during summer. This has brought on a new set of strategic significance especially with potential exploitable oil and gas resources. States would like to convert the existing knowledge on the into political potential.The has seen a dramatic turnaround from being a destination for research expeditions and a desolate area for missile testing to a hotspot where competition is unavoidable but where cooperation is equally desirable. It is a bellwether that presages future happenings that include the rate at which the planet is warming and causing ice melt; the potential increase in sea levels as a result of the thawing of the Greenland ice; and the overall impact on the weather patterns in the northern hemisphere's mid-latitudes.With satellite images pointing to the fact that the summer sea-ice loss has been significantly higher in 2012 than earlier calculated, one can either be worried with the ominous trends or pleased with the profitable prospects. Scientific findings and climate modelling further indicate that by mid-century the could be ice-free in the summer. In the climatology lexicon, it is called amplification: the shrinking of the ice reduces the reflection of sunlight and also increases the absorption of heat as the darker water gets exposed. Because of the meltdown, the circumpolar compactness and continuum of the has given way to an extremely active geopolitical space. The undisturbed ecological qualities that gave the its physical stability are now being disturbed by the scramble for resources - drill, baby, drill. It clearly seems that the commercial priorities of fishing, gains from shorter shipping routes and the need for energy have made the a hot destination - a gold rush and land grab - creating an imagery of chaos.The in the current century will remain high on the radar and keep countries, particularly those within the rim and some beyond, honest in their engagement. Inevitably, competition and cooperation will emerge along with positioning and posturing. Three reasons for attention may be highlighted:First, the will continue to remain a large geo-strategic tract. Whether it is new resource finds or emerging transport routes, the Arctic's strategic value will only amplify. Tension and high politics will always lurk. The race for resources, as history has shown, leads to geopolitical competition and contestation, while the opening of transportation routes tends to foster cooperation. Interestingly, China is already articulating a commons position, that is, no nation has sovereignty over the and the resources there are for all to exploit and use. It is a clever spin on that country's interest in the Arctic. The five littoral states - Norway, USA, Canada, Denmark and Russia (the A5) - would quite clearly not agree to such views. The Arctic's political temperature may heat up in different ways in spite of the fact that Russia and Norway have agreed to and ratified the delimitation line in July 2011 after forty years of negotiation. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».