Bibliographic record
Abstract
The is changing rapidly. The unprecedented changes have created an imagery of a bountiful region with high political stakes and commercial gain. The great expectation, excitement and accompanying nervousness reminds me of an article written in Foreign Policy in 1985 (in the throes of the cold war) by Oran Young that said, is hardly an exaggeration to say that the world is entering an of the Arctic, an era in which those concerned with international peace and security will urgently need to know much more about the region and in which policymakers in the rim states will become increasingly concerned with affairs. The icy waters of the were then primarily a strategic theatre, where the US and the Soviet Union (now Russia) were (and are) only 91 km apart at the Bering Strait. Three decades hence, the world has truly entered an age of the Arctic but an that is increasingly ice-free during summer. This has brought on a new set of strategic significance especially with potential exploitable oil and gas resources. States would like to convert the existing knowledge on the into political potential.The has seen a dramatic turnaround from being a destination for research expeditions and a desolate area for missile testing to a hotspot where competition is unavoidable but where cooperation is equally desirable. It is a bellwether that presages future happenings that include the rate at which the planet is warming and causing ice melt; the potential increase in sea levels as a result of the thawing of the Greenland ice; and the overall impact on the weather patterns in the northern hemisphere's mid-latitudes.With satellite images pointing to the fact that the summer sea-ice loss has been significantly higher in 2012 than earlier calculated, one can either be worried with the ominous trends or pleased with the profitable prospects. Scientific findings and climate modelling further indicate that by mid-century the could be ice-free in the summer. In the climatology lexicon, it is called amplification: the shrinking of the ice reduces the reflection of sunlight and also increases the absorption of heat as the darker water gets exposed. Because of the meltdown, the circumpolar compactness and continuum of the has given way to an extremely active geopolitical space. The undisturbed ecological qualities that gave the its physical stability are now being disturbed by the scramble for resources - drill, baby, drill. It clearly seems that the commercial priorities of fishing, gains from shorter shipping routes and the need for energy have made the a hot destination - a gold rush and land grab - creating an imagery of chaos.The in the current century will remain high on the radar and keep countries, particularly those within the rim and some beyond, honest in their engagement. Inevitably, competition and cooperation will emerge along with positioning and posturing. Three reasons for attention may be highlighted:First, the will continue to remain a large geo-strategic tract. Whether it is new resource finds or emerging transport routes, the Arctic's strategic value will only amplify. Tension and high politics will always lurk. The race for resources, as history has shown, leads to geopolitical competition and contestation, while the opening of transportation routes tends to foster cooperation. Interestingly, China is already articulating a commons position, that is, no nation has sovereignty over the and the resources there are for all to exploit and use. It is a clever spin on that country's interest in the Arctic. The five littoral states - Norway, USA, Canada, Denmark and Russia (the A5) - would quite clearly not agree to such views. The Arctic's political temperature may heat up in different ways in spite of the fact that Russia and Norway have agreed to and ratified the delimitation line in July 2011 after forty years of negotiation. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".