The Effect of a Physician's Pronunciation on Nurses' Perceptions of the Physician's Medical Competency

The aim of this work has been to minimize the thermal energy required to dry malt in deep beds while maintaining malt quality, and without increasing the drying time more than one hour. Malt drying usually takes place in deep bed (. 7-1 m) driers by forcing hot air through the bed. Measurements of inlet and outlet relative humidity, temperature, and airflow at a drier at Great Western Malting Company's Vancouver, Washington facility were made to find average moisture content versus time. The measurements were used to develop a wetted surface model of a malt bed. However, the model was not detailed enough to accurately fit the drying data taken from the kiln. Thus it was necessary to consider a more complex model. A diffusion based mathematical model of malt drying was coded using malt properties and drying equations found in the research of Bala (Ph.D. thesis, 1983). This program calculates moisture content and malt temperature in horizontal layers of a malt bed. Energy saving drying tests by airflow reduction methods were simulated with the program. The methods were designed to take advantage of the malt's internal drying mechanism, and they were effective at reducing energy consumption. However, model verification was necessary, and maintaining malt quality was essential. A deep bed experimental malt drier was built at Portland State University to allow malt temperature and average moisture content data collection. Drying experiments were performed at constant airflow, for several different drying temperature cases, and the highest experimental temperature with acceptable malt quality was found to be 7 5 C. Drying at 70 C (158 F) rather than at 63 C (145 F) was found to cause a 20% reduction in the thermal energy consumption, but higher temperatures did not significantly improve efficiency. The experimental moisture contents and grain temperatures generally compared well with diffusion model simulations of the experiments. Airflow reduction experiments decreased thermal consumption by 20% compared to typical drying schedules. These experiments were based on the airflow reduction methods learned from the diffusion model. However, diffusion model simulations using the experimental conditions showed thermal energy reductions of 11 %.

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