Exploration for the Biological Control of Flowering Rush, Butomus umbellatus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract : Flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus) is a perennial aquatic plant of European origin that was introduced to North America as an ornamental over 100 years ago. It has developed into an aggressive invader of freshwater systems especially in the midwestern and western states of the USA and western Canada. Since no effective control methods are currently available, a biological control project was initiated in spring 2013 and CABI in Switzerland subcontracted to conduct surveys for natural enemies in the area of origin of flowering rush. This interim report summarizes data collected by CABI in 2014 until June 2015. Sites of flowering rush in northern Germany, where the rhizome-feeding weevil Bagous nodulosus is known to occur were revisited in 2014 and new sites were checked in Hungary, the Slovak Republic and Poland. A total of 236 adults were collected from eight different sites. We continued our efforts to improve rearing success with B. nodulosus. However, we are still experiencing high larval mortality and only a few adults emerged from plants to which larvae or ovipositing females had been transferred. We are currently trying different methods in order to further improve rearing success. Nevertheless we were able to set up 150 adults for overwintering on potted plants in a pond and in plastic cylinders filled with water. Overwintering on potted plants placed in a pond worked very well (80% survival). In 2014, we started setting up host-specificity tests under no-choice conditions with B. nodulosus. Of the ten test plant species offered, none was accepted for egg laying by female weevils, confirming the narrow host range of B. nodulosus. We will continue host-specificity tests in 2015. During a field trip to the Slovak Republic at the end of May 2015, we most probably found the second Bagous species described as monophagous on flowering rush, B. validus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".