Perennial mounds in Utopia Planitia: (HiRISE) Evidence of a Glacial Origin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: “Closed” pingos are perennial icecored mounds that are formed by hydrostatic (porewater) pressure induced by localised permafrost aggradation (Fig. 1). These mounds are commonplace features of periglacial landscapes on Earth such as the Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands of northern Canada. A number of studies have reported the occurrence of mounds in the middle to northern latitudes of Utopia Planitia (UP), Mars, whose morphology, size and geological characteristics summit cracks and raised (collapselike) rims are suggestive of terrestrial pingos [1-6]. The mounds and the geological units upon which they reside are thought to be youthful, having formed in the late Amazonian period [7-11]. At least on Earth, the formation of closed pingos requires the presence of ponded water, soil saturation to metres of depth and the development of an ice core from injected and subsequently frozen pore-water [1213]. Were the occurrence of pingos on Mars to be confirmed, current hypotheses about “dry” periglacial or glacial processes dominating relatively recent landscape modifications in UP [9,13] might have to be revised.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".