The Central Authority's Role Under the Hague Child Abduction Convention: A Friend in Deed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
* Professor of Law, University of California, Davis. For their generosity of time and spirit, I wish to express my thanks to those who have shared their expertise concerning the Central Authorities that are the subject of this article. I am grateful for the hospitality extended by the Universities of Cologne and Munich and by Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, during my research and for the financial support of the Fulbright Commission and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. 1. See generally Hague Conference on Private International Law, Statistics Submitted by the Central Authorities of Austria, Spain, the United States, Israel and Switzerland, Preliminary Document No. 4 of January 1993 for the attention of the Special Commission of January 1993 and Addenda I-XI (containing additional reports from France, Portugal, Ireland, the United States, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Israel, Sweden, Canada, Spain, the Netherlands) and an unnumbered report from Luxembourg. Between July 1, 1988, when the Convention went into effect in the United States, and January 12, 1993, the U.S. Central Authority was involved in 664 requests that children be returned to the United States. Forty percent (265) of these cases had reached a favorable result by January 12, 1993, including 59 cases of voluntary return, 11 cases of voluntary access, 175 cases of court-ordered return and 20 cases of court-ordered access; an additional 34% (224) were still in progress. Id. Addendum IV, Statistics Submitted by the Central Authority of the United States of America, at 1. (This Addendum also includes John Dixon Markey, Statistical Report of the United States Central Authority for the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (Jan. 12, 1993), reflecting the period between July 1, 1988 and January 12, 1993. Id. at 7-23.) This is approxi mately double the traditional 20-25 % success rate for non-Convention cases and includes an 86% success rate for the cases that have gone to decision following
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".