Linking laryngopharyngeal reflux to otitis media with effusion: pepsinogen study of adenoid tissue and middle ear fluid.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) was recently implicated in the etiology of otitis media with effusion (OME). To study the hypothesis that gastric juice reaches the middle ear through the nasopharynx and eustachian tube, we evaluated the presence of pepsinogen in the adenoid tissues of children with otitis media with effusion (OME) and compared them with the tissues of a control group of children without OME. METHODS: In the study group, middle ear effusions (MEEs) and adenoidal tissue biopsies were obtained from patients undergoing simultaneous tympanostomy tube placement and adenoidectomy. In the control group, adenoid specimens were taken during adenoidectomy (+/- tonsillectomy) from children with no history of OME. The adenoid tissues were analyzed immunohistochemically to confirm the presence of pepsinogen. Normal gastric tissue was used as a positive control and lymphatic tissue as a negative control. Total pepsinogen levels of MEE were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Adenoid tissue of the OME group (n = 25) demonstrated significantly higher pepsinogen immunoreactivity when compared with the adenoid tissue of the control group (n = 29), specifically in staining of both the epithelia (p < .0001) and the subepithelia, (p < .001). The presence of pepsinogen was detected in 84% of MEEs from the OME group, at concentrations 1.86 to 12.5 times higher than that of serum. Pepsinogen messenger ribonucleic acid was not demonstrated in any of the adenoid tissues of the OME group. CONCLUSION: LPR plays an important role in the pathogenesis of OME as gastric reflux reaches the middle ear through the nasopharynx and eustachian tube to cause OME.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".