The Montreal Convention and Passenger Bill of Rights
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this article (Paragraph No. 33,041), during 2007, a series of highly publicized weather-related delays at New York’s JFK International Airport prompted the New York state legislature to enacted the “Consumer Bill of Rights Regarding Airline Passengers,” requiring air carriers to provide fresh air and water, food, and working restrooms during lengthy tarmac delays. Although many other states followed suit, a federal appeals court struck down the New York law, concluding that it was expressly preempted by the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. Following the court’s ruling, U.S. Senators Barbara Boxer (D-Cal.) and Olympia Snowe (R-Me.) urged their fellow lawmakers to bring a federal airline bill of rights measure to the Senate floor. However, to the extent the law’s scope would include international flights, preemption may once again bar the path of effective regulation. According to the authors, claims arising under local law, including federal law, which purport to regulate international air transportation, may be subject to preemption by the Montreal Convention, the authors assert. The authors also argue that any claims for damages arising from the delay of a passenger during international carriage, whether state or federal, would be preempted and governed exclusively by the Montreal Convention. Following a detailed discussion of the Convention, its applicability, and its potential impact on actions brought under “passenger bill of rights” legislation, the authors conclude that an international solution may be the only effective measure to address the issued of passenger delays on international flights.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.014 | 0.015 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.045 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".