Hypothermia as an adjunct therapy to vesicant-induced skin injury.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The notion that cooling vesicant-exposed tissue may ameliorate or prevent resultant injury is not a novel concept. During both World Wars, studies were conducted that investigated this potential mode of therapy with sulfur mustard and seemed to conclude that there might be merit in pursuing this research direction. However, it does not appear that these studies were followed up vigorously, and the literature that describes this work is not readily accessible. In this report, we compare the toxicities of lewisite and sulfur mustard in vitro and in vivo and also provide an overview of historical and recent work on the effect of temperature on the toxicity of these vesicating chemical warfare agents. METHODS: Tissue culture and animal studies were utilized to examine the effects of hypothermia on vesicant-induced toxicity. RESULTS: Cytotoxicity was either significantly delayed (lewisite) or prevented (sulfur mustard) when cultures were maintained at 25 degrees C. However, the effects of hypothermia on sulfur mustard-induced cell death were reversible when the cells were returned to 37 degrees C. Despite these in vitro results, animal studies demonstrated that the therapeutic cooling of both mustard sulfur-exposed and lewisite-exposed skin resulted in dramatic and permanent protection against injury. Cooling also increased the therapeutic window in which drugs were effective against vesicant agents in tissue culture and lewisite-induced skin injury. CONCLUSIONS: The simple and noninvasive application of cooling measures may not only provide significant therapeutic relief to vesicant-exposed skin but also increase the therapeutic window in which medical countermeasures against vesicant agents are useful.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".