Continuous Therapeutic Ultrasound Decreases Pain Perception and Increases Pain Threshold After Muscle Damage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: Therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) is one of the most common treatment modalities used in the management of symptoms associated with delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). However, due to the lack of adequate research and poor study designs the ability to accurately determine if there is an effect on the perception of pain using continuous therapeutic ultrasound is not possible. Therefore, we conducted a randomized, double blind trial to try and determine the effect of repetitive continuous therapeutic ultrasound for the treatment of pain caused by muscle damage in the biceps brachii. Methods: Twenty young healthy participants (mean age, 24.05 ± 3.71) were randomly assigned to a control group (sham treatment) or TUS group (treatment). All subjects performed 50 maximal eccentric contractions in both arms on a Biodex dynamometer, but only the non-dominate arm was measured. Criterion measures of isometric force production and serum creatine kinase activity were measured at baseline and peak damage. Muscle soreness and pain were assessed at baseline before damage, 24 h post damage, 48 h post damage, and every other day until day 8. Muscle soreness/pain was assessed with a battery of tests: Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2 (SF-MPQ-2), joint angle, and mechanical pressure threshold measured with an algometer. Results: Significant changes in the VAS (p=0.01) and algometer (p=0.015) were found after the third treatment of ultrasound in the distal region of the biceps. Significance (p=0.036) was seen in the overall timepoints of the distal region of the biceps at rest in the VAS scale, as well as significant change in mechanical pressure threshold (p=0.045) in the overall timepoints of the distal region. The means of the treatment group showed greater improvement from baseline than the placebo group for most variables at each measured time point. Conclusion: Continuous therapeutic ultrasound reduced perception of pain and increased mechanical pressure threshold in the biceps brachii after muscle damage was induced.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".