10.1016/0967-0653(95)99873-p
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geological and geomorphological studies in Kaffioyra and Hermansenoya (Oscar II Land, northwestern Spitsbergen), completed with radiocarbon datings, indicated that the Early Vistulian (Weichselian) Glaciation of presumable regional significance, occupied the whole area. Marine transgression during and after deglaciation reached at least to 65 m a.s.l. Glacioisostatic uplift and marine regression in Kaffioyra resulted in development of older raised beaches at 52-65 m a.s.l. During the Late Vistulian, Kaffioyra was occupied partly by outlet gla ciers (Aavatsmark, Elise and Andreas), while the Dahl Glacier covered Hermansenoya. Extents of these glaciers were much greater than during the Little Ice Age. Marine transgression during deglaciation reached to 46-48 m a.s.l. at about 12-11.5 ka B.P. During glacioisostatic emergence at 11.5-9 ka B.P., ten younger raised marine beaches were formed in Kaffioyra. Traces of a pro bable glacial episode at 3-2.5 ka B.P. were noted in forefields of the Aavatsmark and the Elise glaciers only. In forefields of all glaciers in Kaffioyra there are deposits and landforms formed during glacial advances of the Little Ice Age and the following continuous retreat. The Aavatsmark Glacier was the only one to indicate surge type readvances at that time. K e y w o r d s : Arctic, Spitsbergen, Kaffioyra, Quaternary, glaciations, marine transgressions. In spite of considerable research a number and extents of glacial episodes, as well as of marine transgressions during and after deglaciation of fiords and strandflats in northwestern Spitsbergen during the Vistulian (Weichselian) and the Holocene are still controversial. It results also from the fact that no landforms represent older glacial episodes, whereas deposits from these episodes are very scarce. Only glacial landforms and sediments of the Little Ice Age and the 244 Glacial and marine episodes in Kaffioyra deglaciation since the end of the 19th century are very clear and well preserved. Sediments of older marine transgressions and regressions are also relatively poor. In some fiords and strandflats there are, however comparatively well preserved, raised marine beaches and terraces, but their number and age are also an object of much controversy. The first, more thorough geomorphological studies in Kaffioyra were carried out in 1938 by Klimaszewski (1960). Since 1975 large-scale physico-geographical studies have been conducted in Kaffioyra and its surroundings by the Torun polar expeditions, organized mainly by the Institute of Geography, Nicholas Coperni cus University (so far there have been 8 expeditions). During the 3rd Torun Polar Expedition in 1978 and the 7th one in 1985, the authors (W. Niewiarowski and M. Sinkiewicz) carried out detailed geomorphological mapping of Kaffioyra and its surroundings. Geomorphological mapping was based on Norwegian air pho tos of 1966 and 1969 in scale of 1:54,000 and 1:20,000 respectively. It was su pplemented with maps of glaciers and their forefields in scale of 1:5,000 of the Elise (Zapolski 1977) and Waldemar (Lankauf 1982) glaciers, and with geode tic measurements in Kaffioyra (mainly by K.R. Lankauf who also established glacial snouts in 1985 or 1989). All these studies resulted in a detailed geomor phological map in scale of about 1:30,000. During field works, data on the Qua ternary deposits and samples with organic matter and marine mollusc shells were also collected. The samples were submitted to radiocarbon dating in the Radio carbon Laboratory of the Silesian Technical University in Gliwice. Some sam ples of marine molluscs, collected in 1975 by J. Szupryczynski in this region, have been also dated in the same laboratory previously (Goslar and Pazdur 1985a). The present coast of Kaffioyra was described by Niewiarowski and Myzyk (1983), while new information on the pre-Quaternary bedrock in Kaffioyra are to be found in Wojcik (1982).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.992 | 0.994 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".