Gemcitabine is a Competitive Inhibitor of Cytidine‐5′‐triphosphate Synthase (CTPS) that Induces Enzyme Filament Polymerization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CTP plays a central role in nucleotide and lipid biosynthesis and is synthesized de novo by the catalytic action of CTP synthase (CTPS). CTPS is an important modulator of lymphocyte proliferation and has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The cytidine analogue gemcitabine is used to treat various cancers by inhibiting DNA polymerase, and also depleting intracellular CTP levels. While depletion of CTP levels suggested that gemcitabine inhibits CTPS activity in vivo , in vitro characterization of the inhibition is lacking. We demonstrate that gemcitabine is a potent competitive inhibitor of CTPS, binding with an affinity that exceeds that exhibited for UTP by 100‐fold. Site‐directed mutagenesis (E149D) studies reveal that a conserved glutamate (E149) is necessary for gemcitabine recognition, and this residue is also required for catalyzing the conversion of UTP to CTP. CTPS polymerization is an additional mode of inhibition where filament formation apparently prevents conformational changes conducive to enzymatic activity. Using electron microscopy, we detected CTPS filaments in gemcitabine‐treated samples of wild‐type enzyme, but not in E149D CTPS which cannot bind gemcitabine. These studies highlight the critical role that E149 plays in catalysis and the conformational changes of the enzyme. Supported by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".